CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 423 
Subgenus iii. Cenomyce Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 64 (1871). 
Cenomyce Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 105 (1810); Hook. FI. Scot. ii. 
p- 61; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 342 ; Tayl.in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 79. 
—Primary thallus squamulose or foliaceous, usually persistent ; 
podetia mostly well-developed, scyphous or ascyphous. Apothecia 
pale- or dark-brown, or red-coloured. 
The Cladonie of the subgenus Cenomyce are found mostly on 
undisturbed mossy earth or on sandy soil on the ground or on rocks. 
A few species grow by preference on old stumps or trunks of trees, as, 
for instance, C. parasitica and C. macilenta. The species spread 
widely, and are often intermingled. In certain conditions the 
superficial granules or cortical areole of the podetia grow out into 
squamules somewhat similar to those of the primary thallus, and 
thus many species have a squamulose variety or form. 
In the following synopsis ‘large’ squamules are from 1 to 3 cm. 
in length, with less width; ‘‘medium’”’-sized are about 1 cm. long 
or less; and ‘‘ small,” about 2to5 mm. The podetia when short are 
a few mm. in length, medium-sized 2 to 3 cm., and elongate or tall 
more than 3 cm. 
The species are arranged in two series according to the colours of 
the apothecia :— 
Apothecia: brown" v.. 3 cn. kere. se. 00s A. PHmocaRPES. 
Apothecian red ss. cscs ssoecs sees vee eos B. Coccirser&. 
Series A. PoHmocarPe®. Apothecia brown-coloured. 
I. Podetia without perforations at tips or axils, mostly scyphiferous. 
1. Podetia not or only partly corticate. 
Basal squamules large, sometimes almost foliaceous. 
8. C. foliacea Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 363 (1787) emend. Wain. 
Clad. Univ. p. 384 (1894).—Squamules of primary thallus 
crowded rather large and rigid at the base, almost palmately 
divided, crenate and somewhat turned up at the tips, frequently 
blackish fibrillose at the margins, pale- or yellowish-green above, 
beneath yellowish or white ; podetia arising from the upper 
surface of the lacinie, often several from one frond, usually 
rather short, simple, opening gradually to form irregular shallow 
scyphi, or sometimes ascyphous (Kf + yellowish, K(CaCl) + 
deeper yellow). Apothecia terminal or marginal on the scyphi, 
convex, moderate in size, reddish-brown ; spores oblong, 8-14 pu 
long, 2-4 p thick.—C. alcicornis Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 23 
(1828). Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 & Monogr. i. p. 127 ; f. graciles- 
cens Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 111 (1883); Leight. Lich. Fl. 
p- 59; ed. 3, p. 56. CC. endivizfolia var. alicornis Mudd Man. 
p- 52 (1861) & Brit. Clad. p. 3.  C. firma f. gracilescens Cromb. 
Monogr. i. p. 128 (1894). Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tubulis et 
pyxidulis exiguis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 70, n. 38 (1724). 
Coralloides scyphiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilaginosus Dill. 
Hist. Muse. p. 87, t. 14, fig. 124 (1741). Lichen foliaceus Huds, 
