330 LICHEN ACEt. [orBOPHOEA. 



usually little or uou-eroso-laciniate at the margins, olive-brown or 

 brownish-black ; beueath lacunulose or trabeculose, granulose, more 



or less fibrillose, pale-brownish (K(CaCl)~j, j^-.u). Apotheeia and 

 spores as in the preceding species. — Lichen torrefactus Lightf. Fl. 

 8cofc. ii. (1777) p. 862; AVith. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 62. Umbilicaria 

 erosa var. torridci (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41. GyropJiora 

 erosa Eng. Bot. t. 2066 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 229 ; Gray, 

 Nat. Arr. i. p. 477 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. 

 p. 218 ; Tayl. in :Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155 ; Mudd, Alan. p. 117. 

 Umhilicar'ia erosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 pro parte; Leight. Lich. 

 Fl. p. 158, ed. 3, p. 145. Umhilicaria varia e. erosa Leight. Ann. 

 Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 284. Lichen polijrhizos Huds. Fl. 

 Angl. p. 455. Lichenoides rn'josum durum pulhun, peltis atris ver- 

 rucosis DiU. Muse. 118, t. 30. f. IIS.— Brit. Exs. : Bohl. n. 19. 



This has often either been confounded M-ith or regarded as a variety of 

 G. erosa, to which it is closely allied. It differs, however, in the cha- 

 racters of the upper and lower surfaces of the thaUus, as also in the reaction 

 of the medulla. For these reasons it has been raised to specitic rank by 

 Nylauder (Flora, 1809, p. 387, s. n. Uinhilicaria torrida (Ach.), Nyh). 

 Where the plant is abundant, the thallus is sometimes more or less deeply 

 laciniato-divided at the circumference (form subdividens Nyl. ex Cromb. 

 Journ. But. 18S2, p. 273), and the lacunoso-trabeculose and fibrillose 

 under surface is aptly compared in Eng. Bot. to " shavings." The apo- 

 theeia are numerous, becoming when old large and beautifully gyroso- 

 plicate, almost as in G. polyrrhiza. 



Hah. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions. — Distr. 

 General and common in most of the mountainous tracts of Great Britain 

 and Ireland. — B. M. : Walkhampton and Dartmoor, Devonshh-e ; Cader 

 Idris and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Cavnedd Dafydd, Carnarvon- 

 shire ; Swinhope Fell, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New 

 Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Goatfell, Island of Arran ; Ben Cruachan, 

 Argjdeshire ; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Katelaw and 

 Clova, Forfai'shire ; Craig Coinnoch and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aber- 

 deenshire ; Ben Nevis, luverness-shire. Killarney Mts. and Mangerton, 

 CO. KeiTy ; Curslieve, co. Mayo ; Dougbruagh Mts., co. Galway. 



6. G. hyperborea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 105.— ThaUus mono- 

 phyUous, moderate, thin, unequal, papuloso-rugose, more or less 

 lacerate at the margins, olive-brown or blackish-brown ; beneath 

 glabrous, sublacunoso-unequal, blackish or browiiish-black, usually 



somewhat greyi.sh (K~, CaClT-gj). Apotheeia at first simple, 

 lirelloeform, at length gyroso-complicate ; spores 0,013-16 mm. 

 long, 0,007-8 mm. thick. — Turn. &. Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 227; Mudd, 

 Man. p. 117. — Umhilicaria hiiperhorea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; 

 Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157, ed. 3, p. 145. Umhilicaria varia y. hyjyer- 

 horea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. scr. 2, xviii. p. 282. Lichen 

 hyperhoreus Ach. Yet. Ak. Haudl. 1794, p. 89, t. 2. f. 2. Lichen 

 pullus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 23. Lichen Jacquini With. ? Arr. 

 ed. 3, iv. p. 62. 



