DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENTS. 3 1 



APPENDIX A. 



DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENTS. 



The measurements for this work were taken according to the prescriptions of the International Confer- 

 ence at Monaco in 1906. Those not described in that report were used according to the directions of 

 Prof. Otto Schlaginhaufen, Ziirich, and Prof. Eugen Fischer, Freiburg. 



The instruments used are the craniometer, goniometer, and slide-compass made by the firm P. Herman, 

 Ziirich. 



1. g-oe. Greatest cranial length : this is measured from the most projecting part of the glabella to the 

 most protruding point of the occipital bone, in a median plane. Craniometer. 



2. g-i. Glabella-inion length: the distance between the most prominent part of the glabella and the 

 inion, the point of junction of the superior curved lines; or, if these are too indistinct, the external point 

 corresponding to the point of the internal occipital protuberance [Broca]. Craniometer. 



3. n-i. Nasion-inion length : the distance from the nasion to the inion. Craniometer. 



4. arc n-b. Frontal arc : the curve of the frontal bone from the nasion to the bregma. Measuring tape. 



5. arc g-i. Glabella-inion arc : the curve from glabella to inion. Measuring tape. 



6. arc b-1. Parietal arc : the curve of the parietal bone from the bregma to the lambda. Measuring tape. 



7. n-b. Frontal chord : the distance between the nasion and the bregma. Slide-compass. 



8. b-1. Parietal chord : the distance between bregma and lambda. Slide-compass. 



9. n-gn. Total facial length : the distance from nasion to gnathion, the median and most downwardly 

 projecting point on the lower rim of the mandible. Slide-compass. 



ID. n-pr. Superior facial length: the distance from nasion to prosthion, the most projecting median 

 point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, generally between the two middle incisors. Slide-compass. 



11. orb. ht. Orbital height: the distance from the middle point of the lower orbital rim, perpendicular 

 to the orbital breadth, to the upper rim. Slide-compass. 



12. n-ns. Nasal height: the distance from nasion to naso-spinale, i. e., the intersection of the median 

 sagittal plane and the line tangent to the deepest points of the piriform aperture. Slide-compass. 



13. id-gn. Chin height: the distance between the infradentale, the most projecting median point of the 

 alveolar border of the mandible between the two middle incisors, and the gnathion. Slide-compass. 



14. ft-f t. Least frontal breadth : the least breadth between the temporal lines on the frontal bone, the 

 terminal points being the fronto-temporalia. Slide-compass. 



15. fmt-fmt. Outer orbito-facial breadth : the distance between the most lateral lying point on the 

 zygomatico- frontal suture [frontomalare-temporale] on one side, to the corresponding point on the other 

 side. Slide-compass. 



16. fmo-fmo. Inner orbito-facial breadth: the distance between the point on the orbital rim where the 

 zygomatico-frontal suture cuts it [frontomalare-orbitale] on one side to the corresponding point on the other 

 side. Slide-compass. 



17. zm-zm. Breadth of upper jaw: the distance between the two zygomatico-maxillaria, the lowest points 

 on the zygomatico-raaxillary sutures. 



18. la-la. Posterior interorbital breadth : the breadth between the two lacrimalia. This latter is the 

 point where the posterior rim of the lacrimal groove meets the frontal-lacrimal suture. Slide-compass. 



19. mf-mf. Anterior interorbital breadth : the distance between the two maxillofrontalia, the points on 

 the inner rims cut by the fronto-maxillary sutures. Slide-compass. 



20. mf-ek. Orbital breadth from the maxillofrontale : the distance from the maxillofrontale, parallel to 

 the direction of the upper and lower rim, and extending to the outermost point of the orbit, the ectoconchion. 

 Slide-compass. 



21. d-ek. Orbital breadth from the dacryon : the distance from the dacryon, the point where frontal, 

 maxillary, and lacrimal bones meet, to the ectoconchion as in the above. Slide-compass. 



22. la-ek. Orbital breadth from the lacrimale: the distance from the lacrimale to ectoconchion as in the 

 above. Slide-compass. 



23. na.br. Nasal breadth: the greatest breadth of the piriform aperture. Slide-compass. 



24. zy-zy. Zygomatic breadth : the greatest breadth between the two most lateral points on the zygomatic 

 arches. The arms of the craniometer are applied to each arch and then moved back and forth until the 

 greatest breadth is registered. Craniometer. 



25. au-au. Biauricular breadth : the distance from the point on the zygomatic arch directly above the 

 auditory meatus, on one side to the corresponding point on the other side. Craniometer. 



26. CO-CO. Greatest frontal breadth : the distance from the most lateral point on the coronal suture 

 [coronale] to the corresponding point on the opposite side. Craniometer. 



27. eu-eu. Greatest cranial breadth : the greatest breadth perpendicular to the median sagittal plane 

 but not above the temporal lines of the parietal bones. Craniometer. 



