INTRODUCTION. 5 



held fast by a stem of the same plant species, that had wormed its way through the foramen 

 magnum into the brain chamber and out again by way of the superior orbital fissure. 



What to save, when excavating archeeological material in a region where the facilities for 

 packing and transporting fragile articles are meager, is always a vexatious problem. Theo- 

 retically one should save everything, but in practise it often becomes necessary to leave 

 behind a good deal of material that one would hesitate to discard, after it had been brought 

 home. 



Although the original plans of the Expedition included the collection of potsherds only 

 when their form or decoration appeared to have some special significance, the possibility of 

 piecing together a large proportion of the sherds found in sepulchers, and of restoring in 

 this manner many valuable pieces of Indian pottery, became apparent early in the course of 

 the work. I am convinced that the Director's readiness to provide the transportation neces- 

 sary to save this material has been fully justified by the results. The same care in saving 

 practically all those osseous fraginents that were not immediately recognized as worthless has 

 also brought its own reward. While searching for burial caves and excavating them under 

 difficult and often trying conditions, keeping a bright lookout for scorpions and venomous 

 serpents — one hand for himself and one for the ship, as in the old sailor's adage — it is 

 impossible for the collector to estimate at a glance the ultimate value of every specimen he 

 finds, such as a sexually characteristic pelvic fragment or a bit of beef-bone. Under such 

 circumstances the only safe and sure method to follow is that enjoined by the late Professor 

 O. C. Marsh upon his assistants — "Permit nothing to pass from your hands unrecognized." 



Acknowledgments. — Grateful acknowledgment is due to the following: to Seiior Don 

 Mariano Ignacio Ferro, the owner of the wonderful Finca Cutija, which contains the ruins 

 and graves of Machu Picchu, for permission to collect on his land, and for instructing his 

 employees to aid us; to the Peruvian Government, which gave permission to conduct exca- 

 vations and furnished us part of the necessary labor, and in particular tO' their Representative 

 at Machu Picchu, Lieutenant Sotomayor, who acted as Interpreter and rendered efficient 

 service; to W. L. Morkill, Esq., Representative of the Peruvian Corporation in Lima, for 

 many favors, and particularly for his aid in persuading the Peruvian Government to permit 

 the collections made at Machu Picchu to be sent to Yale University ; to Edward S. Harkness, 

 Esq. (Yale College, 1897), whose generous interest made possible the archaeological work 

 at Machu Picchu ; and finally to the National Geographic Society for their generous contri- 

 butions toward the general expenses of the Expedition and in particular for meeting the 

 cost of the plates and illustrations in this paper. All photographs of bones and of artifacts 

 were taken by Mr. Charles N. York, of New Haven, Connecticut, and I am indebted to 

 Doctor Arial W. George, of Boston, Massachusetts, for the excellent skiagrams of pathological 

 specimens. Mr. William Baake made the drawings of the skulls of new mammals as well 

 as of many artifacts, and prepared the diagrams of caves from the hasty drafts in my field 

 notes. The sketches of the rock-sheltered terrace and the wayside shrine Mr. Theodore 

 Diedricksen has obligingly executed from such material as I could offer for his guidance. 



