460 MELVILL: THE PRINCIPLES OF NOMENCLATURE. 
genera of land and freshwater shells, in which he gave reasons 
for :— 
Viviparus A/onz¢f. 1810 supplanting Paludina Zam. 1812. 
Paludestrina D’Orb. 1840 _,, Hydrobia Haztm. 1821. 
non Leach (Coleoptr.). 
Vitrea Litsinger 1833 i Zonites Grav 1840. 
Ceecilioides Fer. % Cionella Jeff. 18209. 
Cochlicopa 7zsso. 1826. 
Zua Turton 1840. 
Azeca Leach 1828. 
SiG, (iC 
Acicula /fartm. 1821 -. Acme Flartm. 1821. 
Mr. Smith has also elucidated the proper nomenclature of 
the genera hitherto known under the names of Triton, Oniscia, 
Cassidaria, etc., for which work systematists should be much 
indebted to him. 
In 1893 Dr. Raphael Blanchard* presented his “ Deuxieme 
rapport sur la nomenclature des étres organisés,” in which all 
the questions contributed to the former meeting are discussed 
still more freely, and the report of the Société Zoologique de 
France, of which M. Blanchard was a member in 1881, upheld 
in every particular. M. Blanchard is even more emphatic than 
M. Chaper in his views as to Tournefort de Pitton, Lang, Klein 
and Adanson. “It is to Tournefort,” he remarks, “that the 
glory undoubtedly accrues of having founded the principle of 
binary nomenclature.” Every plant, says Tournefort, in his 
‘“‘Institutiones rei herbariz,” 1719, which is designated by a 
generic name should have a specific attached as well. * * 
One ought, so to speak, to abstain from employing the numbers 
I, 2, 3, 4,5, etc.,as so many Botanists have done, to the species.” 
He then adds that the “‘specific name should be chosen in 
particular reference to some peculiarity of the plant, either with 
Blanchard, R., Deuxiéme rapport sur la nomenclature des étres organisés ; Rapport 
présenté au deuxieme Congrés international de Zoologie réuni a Moscou du 1o/22 au 
18/30 Aout, 1892, Paris, 1893. 
J.C., viii., Oct., 1807. 
