SIR J. LUBBOCK ON ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS. 119 



with pupae in order to determine iu what manner ants recognize 

 their comrades. 



For instance, I separated a nest oi Formica fusca into two divi- 

 sions in the spring before the season for laying eggs. Then in 

 the antumn I took ants from one half (which I may call A) and put 

 them into the other half (which I may call B). Thus, of course, 

 there could be no question of individual recognition. Neverthe- 

 less, in nine cases such ants were received as friends. This season 

 again, on the 10th April 1881, I divided a two-queened nest ot 

 Formica, leaving a queen in each half. At that time no eggs had 

 yet been laid, and of course there were no larvse or pupa^. In 

 due course both queens laid eggs ; and young ants were brought 

 up in each half of the nest. I will call the two halves, as before, 

 A and B. On the loth August at 9 a.m. I put three of the young 

 ants from A into B, and three from B into A. At 9.30 none are 

 attacked. At 10, the same. At 10.30, the same; one is being 

 cleaned. At 12, the same. At 2 p.m., the same. In fact they 

 seemed quite at home with the other ants. The next morning I 

 was unable to recognize them, the paint having been entirely re- 

 moved. The ants were all peaceably together iu the nest ; and 

 there w^ere no dead ones either in the nest or in the outer box. 

 It is evident, therefore, that they had been treated as friends. 



August 17. — I put in three more from B into A at noon. At 

 12.30 they were with the other ants. At 1, the same. At 2, the 

 same. At 3, the same. At 5 the same. The following morning 

 I was still able to recognize them, though most of the paint had 

 been removed. They also were evidently treated as part of the 

 community. 



Sept. 19. — Put in three more from A into B at 8.30 a.m. I 

 looked at them at intervals of half an hour ; but none of them 

 were attacked. Next morning there was no ant outside the nest, 

 nor had any been killed. 



Oct. 10. — Put in three more at 7 a.m., and looked at intervals 

 of an hour. They were not attacked, and evidently felt them- 

 selves among friends. The next morning I was still able to recog- 

 nize two. There was no dead ant either in the nest or the outer 

 box. 



Lastly, on the 15th Oct. I put in four more at 7 a.m., and 

 watched then all day at short intervals. They exhibited no sign 

 of fear, and were never attacked. In fact, they made themselves 

 quite at home, and were evidently, like the preceding, recog- 



