ME. F. DAT OK BRITISH SALMONES. 415 



access from the sea, has had its retreat to the ocean cut off, and 

 has consequently now taken on a freshwater existence. Its 

 numerous caecal appendages seem to show its affinities are more 

 related to marine than freshwater forms ; while its grey colour 

 and black spots are also what are seen in salt-water residents. It 

 may be that the theory I heard in Scotland is correct, and that 

 the anadi'omous Salmo alius * was the ancestor of this, a now 

 freshwater non-migratory trout. 



Before concluding this paper I must remark upon what ana- 

 di'omous species of Salmonidae I allude to when using the term 

 Salmo alius. It is the fish known as the White Salmon, Pen- 

 nant (1776), Salmo alius, Artedi, 8. pJiinoJc, Turton (1807), S. 

 Iracliypoma, Griinther (1866) ; but by the majority of recent 

 authors placed as a synonym to S. trutta. 



Pennant, in his ' British Zoology ' (ed. 1776), iii. p. 302, de- 

 scribed a wJiite Salmon from the Esk in Cumberland, where he 

 observed that it was obtained from July until September, that 

 it never exceeded a foot in length, and that " this is the fish 

 called by the Scots Fhinoc.'''' Bonnaterre, ' Encyclopedique Ich- 

 thyologie ' (1788), p. 161, referred to Pennant's fish as Salmo 

 alius ; in Schneider's edition of Bloch (1801), p. 409, and in 

 Lacepede's ' Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,' v. p. 219, this 

 term was continued ; so likewise in Pleming, ' British Animals ' 

 (1828), p. 180, where he also called it the " Whitling, Hirling. 

 Common in the sea and rivers of Scotland and the north of 

 England, " and that it spa^vned in August and September. 

 Jardine described it in the ' Edinburgh New Philosopliical 

 Journal,' xviii. p. 40; and likewise gives an excellent figure of 

 it (No. III.) in his Plates of Salmonidge, appending the name 

 Salmo alius, Pleming, but which he considered a synonym of 

 S. trutta, of which likewise he gives a recognizable illustration. 



It was about this time that S. alius began to be suppressed 

 under the belief that it was the young or a variety of the salmon- 

 or sea-trout. Jenyns placed it as Salmo trutta in his ' Manual 

 of British Vertebrate Animals ' (1835), p. 424, observing that 

 neither he nor Tarrell could see any appreciable diftereuce 

 between them. Parnell, ' Wernerian Memoirs,' vii. (1838), 

 p. 295, White, in his ' List of the Specimens of British 

 Animals in the Collection of the British Museum ' (1851), j). 75, 



* I leave to a futui's date the consideration of whether 8. albns is or is not 

 a synonym of S. trutta, and also further remarks on S. levenensis. 



