354 ABIETINEZ OF CALIFORNIA. 
continuous slit. Female aments terminal on last year’s branchlets ; bracts somewhat shorter than the scale. Cones 
maturing in the first year, pendulous ; scales and short soaps bracts persistent on the axis. Seeds with resin-vesicles 
on the surface ; wing at last breaking off. Cotyledons 3 to 5 or 6. — Large trees, with slender often drooping terminal 
eawenacete leaves flat or angled, appearing 2-ranked, with a pies dorsal resin-duct, conspicuously petioled, articulated 
a prominent and at length ligneous and persistent base. — Conif. 185. Pinus, Linn., in part. Pinus, sect. Tsuga, 
adi. Parlat. Abies, Michx., in part. 
Of the 5 species of this genus, two belong to eastern Asia, one to eastern and two to western North America, 
Four of these species are so closely allied that they can be distinguished only with difficulty. The single species of our 
second section has somewhat aberrant characters. 
* Leaves flat, obtuse, stomatose only beneath: pollen-grains discoidal : cones small, an inch long or less. — Eursuea. 
1. T. Merrenstana, Carr. A very large tree (100 to 200 feet high), with rather thick red-brown bark ; ulti- 
mate ohn very slender, roughish, and when young long-hairy : leaves linear, 4 to 9 lines long, and about 3 line 
—— abruptly petioled, entire or usually pace Loreen, serrate toward the eatery big shining above, when youn 
two white bands beneath : male flowers 2 or 2} lines in diameter, shorter than the stipe : cones ahiloag-eylinasiit 
sollte’, slightly pubescent ; tinects truncate ; cae longer than wide : seeds 1 to 1} lines long, the wing twice 
as he or more, scarcely widened toward the base : cotyledons 3, sometimes 4.— Conif. 2 ed. 250, Pinus Mer- [121] 
a, Bong. Veg. Sitch. ng Parlat. Abies Mertensiana, Lindl. & Gord. A. Albertiana, Murr. A. Bridget, 
a Siok Calif. Acad. ii. 
Peculiar to the ele Coast region, from Marin County (@. R. Vasey) and especially Mendocino (Bolander, Kel- 
logg) to Alaska. Closely allied to the northeastern 7. Canadensis, but a larger tree, with finer and straighter grained 
wood and redder bark, principally distinguished by the more elongated scales of the cone and the proportionately much 
longer and straighter wings of the seeds ; in the eastern species the scales are almost as wide as they are long and the 
seeds larger, but the wings, very broad at base and almost triangular, are only } or 4 longer than the seed. Another 
character taken from the leaf-structure, the presence of hypoderm cells on the edges, midrib, and keel of the leaf, is not 
reliable, as these cells are occasionally found in leaves of T. Canadensis, though usually absent. 
* * Leaves mostly convex or keeled above, acutish, stomatose both sides: pollen-grains bilobed : cones larger. — 
ESPEROPEUCE. 
T. Parronrana. A tall strictly pyramidal tree (100 to 150 feet high and 2 to rarely 4 feet through, in high 
ak doops a shrub), of graceful habit, with coon pubescent branchlets ond light green foliage : bark thick, much 
€ apt to scale off, reddish gray: leaves 6 to 12 lines long, angular, acutish, attenuate at base, often curved : 
male ‘ies about 2 lines wide, on a very sieciee stipe : cones eplindieal- oblong, 2 or 3 inches long: seeds 23 lines in 
length, the wing not twice as long oS 4 lines), obliquely obovate, widest abore — Abies Pattonii or Pattoniana, 
Jeffrey. A. Hookeriana, Murray. A. Williamsonii, Newberry, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 53, t. 7. Pinus Pattoniana, Parlat. 
In the highest timber regions of the Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 to 10,000 ‘feet altitude, from Ebbett’s Pass at the 
head of the San Joaquin River northward, and through the Cascade Mountains, near Crescent City descending to near 
the coast (Brewer). At the timber-line its proportions are much stinted. Though differing in the shape of the leaves, 
the disposition of the stomata, and especially in the form of the pollen-grains, which resemble those of the true pines, 
yet I cannot separate this species from — with which the single resin-duct of the leaves, the form of the male 
flowers, and the glands of the seed unite 
10. PICEA, Link. Spruce. 
Male flowers axillary or sometimes terminal on last year’s branchlets, with an oblong or cylindrical stamineal 
column, its short stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; the commissure of the anthers expanding into a broad 
nearly circular erect crest; cells opening longitudinally : pollen-grains as in Abies (.045 to .065 line long). Female 
aments at the end of short or longer branchlets, the scales much larger than the bracts. Cones maturing in the first 
year, pendulous : scales and enclosed bracts persistent on the axis. Seeds without resin-vesicles, imbedded in the 
membranaceous base of the wing, which leaves their under side ware free and permits them to drop out. Cotyledons 
4 to 8. — Stately trees of pyramidal form and slower growth, with white soft close tough highly valued timber ; leaves 
keeled abo above and beneath, more or less quadrangelar or (in our species) flattened, articulated on a prominent at last 
and persistent rhombic base, spirally arranged all around the branchlets or (by a twist of the base) somewhat 
2-ranked, the stomata usually more on the upper than on the lower surface, or, on the flat leaves, often only on the upper 
side (which is then apt to be turned downward); resin-ducts irregular, 1 or 2 lateral ones close to the epidermis of the 
wer side or none. — Abies, Tourn., in part ; DC., in part ; Pinus, Linn., in part. Pinus, sect. Picea, Endl. ; Parlat. 
Abies, Don. 
An important genus of about a dozen species, peculiar to mountainous and northern regions, of which 2 belong to 
Europe, 5 to Asia, and 5 to America ; of the latter 2 are northeastern, and 3 are western species 
