356 ABIETINEZ OF CALIFORNIA. 
any on the back ; teeth very small and distant : male flowers oval, surrounded by 8 involucral scales ; anthers knobbed 
or abeshapie cones cylindrical, slender, 5 to 8 inches long, yellowish brown : seeds pale, 3 to 34 inches long ; 
wings twice as long, widest in the middle, pointed : cotyledons 6 to 9.— Lamb. Pin. 2 ed. ill. t. 67; Loud. Arbor. iv. 
2291, fig. ;  Taiek in DC. Prodr. xvi2. j 
ix the higher Sierra N sae from 7,000 or 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from the Calaveras and Mount Ray- 
mond northward ; common in the Shasta region and on the Trinity naa and extending to Oregon and Wash- 
ington Territory. It is the western representative of the northeastern White Pine, from which it may be readily 
distinguished by the larger cones and stiffer and much less serrulate leaves, in which strengthening cells underlie 
ost the whole epidermis (but do not surround the ducts), while they are absent in the softer leaves of P. Strobus. 
The wood is said to be white and soft, as in the White Pine. 
. P. LAMBERTIANA, Dougl. A tree of gigantic dimensions, 150 to 300 feet high and 10 to 20 feet in diameter, with 
ress smoothish bark splitting in small sections: leaves 3} to 4 inches long, rigid, with 5 or 6 lines of stomata 
on each of the 3 sides: male flowers oval, half an inch long, with 10 to 15 jaune scales ; anthers denticulate- 
crested : cones cylindrical, bright brown, 12 to 18 inches long and 3 or 4 inches wide, on pechuistes 3 inches in length: 
seeds smooth, black, 6 lines long; wing not quite twice as long, widest below the middle, obtuse : cotyledons 13 to 15. 
— Linn. Trans. xv. 500 ; Lamb. 1. ¢., t. 68, 69 ; Loud. Arbor. iv. 2288, fig. ; Nutt. Sylva, iii. 122, t. 114; Newberry, 
Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 42, fig. 14; Parlat. e: c, 406. 
Pi hid the State pa northward to the Columbia River, on both slopes of the Sierra Nevada, in a forest belt 
with P. ponderosa and Abies concolor at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 or sometimes 7,000 or 8,000 feet ; in the Coast 
Ranges only on the highest points, from the Santa Lucia Mountains to Humboldt eels Leaves stouter than in its 
allies, with a layer of strengthening cells under the whole epidermis and around the duct he wood is like that of 
the White Pine and lets used. The exudation from the partially burned tree nee its resinous qualities and 
acquires a sweetness similar to that of sugar or manna, for which it is sometimes used, whence the name of “Sugar 
Pine.” 
* * Wings of the large seeds narrow : leaves entire or nearly so: cones subsessile, spreading, or declined. [124] 
3. P. FLEXILIS, James. A tree about 60 feet high and 3 to 5 feet thick, with furrowed gray bark : leaves 1} to 2 
inches long, rarely more, with few rows of stomata on the sides and usually very few on the back: male flowers ina. 
short spike, oval, 6 or 7 lines long, with 8 or 9 involucral scales ; anthers tipped by a spur or sometimes an incomplete 
crest : cones oval to subcylindric, 3 to 5 inches long, light brown, with somewhat squarrose scales : seeds oval, com- 
pressed, 4 to 6 lines long, the inconspicuous wing less than a line wide, usually remaining attached to the scale : coty- 
ledons 6 to 9. — Long’s Exp. ii. 27 and 35; ve Nutt. l. ¢., t. 112 (very poor) ; Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 208, 
and Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 257; Parlat. 1. ¢. 
Var. ALBICAULIS. A (ne of 40 or 50 eee in height, on the highest elevations low and shrubby, with very pale 
bark : cones oval, or subglobose, 14 to 3 inches long and 1} to 2} thick, purple-brown ; scales much thicker and some- 
what pointed. — P. albicaulis, Engelm. 1. c. 209. P. cembroides, Newberry, 1. c. 44, fig. 15. P. Shasta, Carr. Conif. 
. 390, 
Th es has been found in California only on Mount Silliman (Brewer) with the variety, and on the Inyo 
Mountains (Hoffman), and thence eastward on the mountains of Nevada and Arizona to the Rocky Mountains, where 
it is common from New Mexico to Montana. The variety occurs on all the alpine peaks of the Sierra Nevada from 
Mono Pass to Mount Shasta and Scott Mountains, and northward to British Columbia, and also in Montana. More 
ne resembling P. Cembra of the Old World than our White Pines, but distinguished by the leaf-structure, which 
P. Cembra shows parenchymatous ducts in the serrulate leaves. The eripheedl ducts in our species are destitute 
a cepts cells. P. albicaulis is probably only an alpine form, occupying a higher belt on the mountains, an 
marked by its short thick and thick-scaled cones. The large seeds are used for food by the Indians. 
§ 2. Apophysis ns a mucronate or (very rarely) blunt protuberance on the back : anthers Nee in a semi- 
icular or almost orbicular crest, except in the first three species. — PINASTER. 
* Resin-ducts peripheral : leaves with entire margins and loose deciduous sheaths. 
+ Leaves 1 to 5: cones ovate-subglobose, with few very protuberant scales: seeds large, almost wingless. 
4, P. MoNopHYLLA, Torr. & Frem. A small tree, 20 or 25 feet high, with irregularly spreading branches and 
pale fissured or flaky bark; leaves rigid, spiny-tipped, solitary and terete or rarely in pairs and semiterete, 1} to 2} 
(mostly 1}) inches long, the sheaths 4 or 5 lines long: male flowers oval, with 6 involucral bracts ; anthers terminat- 
in a knob or a few teeth: cones 14 to 2} inches long and nearly as thick ; seeds oval, 6 to 10 lines long, thick- 
shelled, yellowish brown and mottled : cotyledons 7 to 10.— Fremont’s Rep. 319, t. 4; Parlat. 1. c. 378; Engelm. 
eeler’s Rep. vi. 259. P. Fremontiana, Endl. Conif. 183, in part. 
