358 ABIETINEZ OF CALIFORNIA. 
peduncles, fewer in a cluster, with thinner apophyses, and slender prickles hooked backward : “pipe : A 7 lines long ; 
wings 12 or 13 lines long: cotyledons 7 to 11. — P. Jeffreyt, Murr. 1. c. xi. 224, t. 8, 9 ; Parlat. I. ¢. 
Var. SCOPULORUM. smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) ; leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often in anos : male flowers 
an inch lng: cones smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4) inches long, grayish brown, with stout es seeds 2} to 3} lines 
long, the wings 9 to 12 lines : cotyledons 6 to 9. — P. ponderosa of the Rocky Mountain flor: 
e widest spread western pine ; the original form in California and Oregon, at low a high altitudes and even 
in the plains, often associated with P. Lambertiana and Abies concolor: the var. Jeffreyi usually on mountains above 
5,000 feet altitude, especially on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, where it is apt to grow in the most arid locali- 
ties, ranging into Oregon. The third form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains. A magnificent tree, known 
throughout the west as the “Yellow Pine,” and vying with the Sugar Pine and Sequoias, with very thick bark (in 
large trees 3 or four inches thick) and unusually thick sap-wood, which shows 100 to 200 annual rings before it becomes 
heart-wood. The latter is yellow, heavy, and very resinous. The var. Jeffreyt has often been considered distinct, but 
connecting forms are not rare; one of these is P. deflexa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 209, t. 56. The rows of stomata are 
often, but by no means always, more distant in var. Jeffreyi than in the typical form. The leaves persist about three 
years and are therefore always found brush-like at the end of the branchlets, except in young shoots. The parenchy- 
matous ducts (2 or 3 or more) of all the forms are generally very small, and are always surrounded with some (often many) 
strengthening cells, which are also found within the sheath. P. Jeffreyi is one of several species (P. Balfouriana, 
. Murrayana, Abies Pattoniana, etc.) which were collected by Mr. Jeffreys, a iviprnioe by Prof. seater Ragin 2 
mously (with figures by Greville) in what is sometimes cited as the “ Re the Oregon Committee.” The 
authority for the specific names is given variously by different authors ; sc raiay on of them may h referred to 
other species. 
++ +4 +4 Leaves in pairs. 
9. P. contorta, Dougl. A low tree, 5 to 15 or rarely 20 to 25 feet high and 6 inches in diameter, with a rounded 
or depressed top and thin smoothish bark : leaves 1 to 1} inches long by half a line wide, strongly and closely serrulate ; 
bracts scarcely fringed : male flowers cylindrical, $ inch long, in a spike 1 or 2 inches in length ; the outer pair of the 
6 involucral bracts nearly as long as the inner ones ; anthers with semicircular crests: cones clustered, oval or sub- 
cylindric, very oblique, with strong knobs and delicate bristles, or rarely almost without knobs, very often serotinous 
(remaining closed for several or many years) : seeds black, grooved, 2 lines long ; wings 6 lines long, widest above the 
, tapering upward : cia Set 5, rarely 4. — Loud. Arbor. ii, 2292, and Encye. 975, fig. 915. P. inops, Bong. Veg. 
Sitch. 45 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 161. P. Bolanderi, Parlat. 1. c. 379. 
Var. MurRRAYANA. Much lias and straighter, 80 to 120 feet high and 4 to 6 feet in oe with a conical 
head and thin scaly light grayish-brown bark : leaves 1 to 3 (mostly about 2) inches long, ? to 1 line wide, light green, 
delicately serrulate ; sheaths 4 to 6 lines long, or old ones 1 to 13: male flowers with 6 to 8 inv see bracts: cones 
very rarely lateral, less oblique, often opening at maturity and deciduous: wings of seeds longer. — P. contorta, New- 
, l. c. 34, t. 5, and of the Californian botanists; Parlat. 1. c. 381,in part. P. inops, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 337. P. 
pei Murr. 1. ¢. 226. P. contorta, var. latifolia, Engelm. in Bot. King Exp. 331; Porters, Fl. Colorado, 129; and 
Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 262. 
e original Douglasian P. contorta, which came from the mouth of the Columbia River, is a small narrow-leaved 
tree of the wet sandy coast of the Pacific from Mendocino to Alaska, a distance of perhaps 1,500 miles. Its narrow 
leaves, persistent and long-closed very pe cones, which cover the tree so that sometimes scarcely any foliage 
remains visible, well characterize it. The variety is a common tree on the higher Sierra Nevada to an ata [127] 
of 8,000 or 9,000 feet, extending into Oregon and in the Rocky Wsaiane southward to Colorado and Uta 
the Sierra Nevada the cones are more deciduous, but in Colorado they are as persistent as on the coast. = effrey’s speci- 
mens on which P. Murrayana was based came from the high Sierras and are undoubtedly P. contorta, while P. muricata, 
with which they have been confounded, never occurs far from the sea and is otherwise very distinct. 
P. muricatTa may be looked for here, as a form of it is found that seems to have sometimes terminal cones. 
+ + Cones lateral. 
++ Leaves in threes. 
10. P. Sasrytana, Dougl. An open-branched round-topped tree, with rough ash-gray bark, slender glaucous 
branchlets and sparse foliage : leaves drooping, slender, light-green or glaucous, 8 to 12 inches long and half a line 
wide, their sheaths an inch long, or later but half that length ; bracts deciduous: male flowers oblong, about 10 lines 
long, in an elongated spike ; involucral bracts 10 to 15, the exterior pair minute ; crest of anthers semi-orbicular : 
female ament on a peduncle 1} inches long : cone short-oval, acutish, massive, 6 to 10 inches long by 4 to 6 in diame- 
ter, deep mahogany-brown, persistent, with stout projecting apophyses and robust somewhat incurved points : seeds 
subcylindric, 9 to 12 lines long, dark ; wing scarcely half as long, with broad rim : ne bm 15 or 16, — Lamb. Pin 
1 ed. 146 ; Nutt. Sylva, iii. t. 113; Newbaty, 1. c. 39, fig. 13; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. t 57. 
