416 THE TRUE GRAPE-VINES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Labrusea scarcely thinner; but fig. 35, Vitis rupestris, has a diaphragm not much thicker than the 
first. Fig. 37 shows Vitis vulpina, without any partition. 
It is well known that some species of Vitis grow well from cuttings, while others are difficult 
to propagate in this way. 
Easy to propagate are Labrusca, Monticola Riparia, Rupestris, and Palmata. Almost impossible 
to propagate by cuttings are Candicans, distivalis, Cinerea, Cordvfolia, Vulpina, and probably Cali- 
fornica. Arizonica and Caribea I do not know in this respect. That the southern cultivated forms 
of Astivalis grow more or less readily from cuttings is stated further on (page 16). 
The structure of the bark of the young canes shows also differences in the different species, but 
as the characters are to some extent of microscopical detail they are here omitted. The bark of the 
mature canes is ashy gray (V. cordifolia, V. cinerea), to red or brownish (V. estivalis) ; it peels off 
after the first season in large flakes, or in narrow strips or shreds ; only in the Muscadine grape the 
dark gray bark does not peel off at all, at least not for a number of years. 
Young seedlings of all the grape-vines are glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The cobwebby 
or cottony down, so characteristic of some species, makes its appearance only in the more advanced 
plants ; in some of their varieties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones, it is mainly observed in the 
young growth of spring and is apt to disappear in the mature leaf; but even then such leaves are 
never shining as they are in the glabrous species, but have a dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled 
surface. 
The form of the leaves is extremely variable, and descriptions must necessarily remain vague. 
They are usually cordate at base, either with an acute and narrow sinus (V. cordata, and many other 
species), or with a broad and wide one (V. riparia and V. rupestris). Leaves of seedling plants are 
all entire, i. e. not lobed ; young shoots from the base of old stems, as a rule, have deeply and variously 
lobed leaves, even where the mature plant shows no such disposition. Some species (V. riparia), or 
some forms of other species (forms of V. Labrusca and V. estivalis), have all the leaves more or less 
lobed, while others exhibit, on the mature plant, always entire, or, I should rather say, 
lobed leaves ; the leaves of V. rupestris and V. vulpina are never lobed. Only the leaves a [11 (5)] 
flower-bearing canes ought to be considered as the normal ones. 
The surface of the leaves is glossy and shining, and mostly bright green, or in Rupestris pale 
green ; or it is dull above and more or less glaucous below. The glossy leaves are perfectly glabrous, 
or they often bear, especially on the nerves of the lower side, a pubescence of short hair. The dull 
leaves are cottony or cobwebby, downy on both or only on the under side, and this down usually 
extends to the young branches and to the peduncles, but, as has been stated above, often disappears 
later in the season. 
On both sides of the insertion of the petiole or leafstalk into the branchlet, we find on very 
young, just developing shoots, small accessory organs, which soon disappear ; they are the stipules. 
In most species they are thin, membranaceous, rounded, at the top somewhat oblique, smooth in 
some, downy or woolly in other species. They are most conspicuous and elongated in Vitis riparia, 
in which I find them 23-3 lines long ; in V. rupestris they are 14-24 lines in length ; in V. candicans 
and Californica scarcely shorter, in V. Labrusca 14-2 lines long; in V. estivalis, eondifolid and most 
others, they are only one line long or less; in very vigorous young shoots they may sometimes be 
larger, just as their leaves are also lowe than the normal. 
Not much of a distinctive character can be made out of the flowers. It is observed, however, 
that in some forms the stamens are not longer than the pistil, and very soon bend under it, while in 
other forms they are much longer than the: pistil, and remain straight till they fall off. It is possi- 
ble that those with short stamens are less fertile than the others.* 
The time of flowering is quite characteristic of our native species, and it seems that the cultivated 
# Compare note on page 9. 
