422 THE TRUE GRAPE-VINES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
wide), of firm texture, entire, or .ften more or less deeply and obtusely 3-5 lobed, with rounded sinus, and with short 
and broad teeth; when young always very woolly or cottony, mostly bright red or rusty; at last smoothish but dull, 
e or glaucous beneath, and never shining; stipules very short and rounded, mostly rusty-downy; berries middle- 
sized, black, 5-7 lines, in southwestern forms even 8-9 lines in diameter, coated with a bloom, when well grown in 
compact, often cylindrical bunches ; seeds rather large, mostly 2 or 3 in each berry, rounded on top, showing a very 
prominent, cord-like rhaphe, and more gradually attenuated into the beak than is common in our species. 
This is the well known summer grape, common throughout the Middle and Southern States, usually found on 
uplands, and in dry, open woods or thickets, maturing its fruits in September. It is one of the most variable of our 
ape-vines, and hence has seduced many into the establishment of numerous nominal species, while others, and 
among them myself, have assumed too wide limits for the species, and have classed under it forms which now, since 
we know them better, have to be kept separate. Among the latter I mention V. monticola and V. cinerea, whith are 
described in their proper places. Among the former I must still retain with V. estivalis the form that had been dis- 
tinguished by Buckley as V. Lincecumi. This latter, often more bushy than climbing, has larger berries, leaves often 
deeply 3 to 5-lobed, and coated with a thick rusty down, or tomentum, which is often quite persistent. Forms with 
very large, woolly leaves have often been taken for Labrusca, and this species, abounding in the sandy post-oak 
(Quercus stellata) woods of Eastern Texas, and there known under the name of post-oak grape or sand grape, but 
extending also to Arkansas and Missouri, has thus been quoted for the Western and Southwestern States, to which 
the true Labrusca is an entire stranger. 
This species is one of the most important ones for us, and in the West at least has already taken the place once 
accorded to the Labrusca forms in our cultures, not only for their greater, aye absolute, resistance to the phylloxera, 
but also for their intrinsic value as wine (and even table) grapes, notwithstanding the superior size of the Labrusca 
berries. Unfortunately the typical forms cannot be propagated by cuttings, and there are a number of varieties 
which, originating from a southern home, are not quite hardy here, but, on the other hand, have the advantage of 
being readily propagated by slips, in some favorable localities. Their leaves are thinner than those of our type, and 
woolly only in the first youth; the bunches are larger, more shouldered; the berries, though small, are much sweeter 
and more juicy. They comprise, among others, the Cunningham with less divided, and the Herbemont and the Lenoir, 
wi deeply lobed leaves, the two former with lighter colored, the latter with deep black berries. Unfortunately no 
wild plant from which these varieties might have sprung is yet known, but must be looked for in the mountains or 
hills of the Carolinas and Georgia, and only when found in a wild state can we correctly judge of their botanical 
status. About their viticultural relations, the body of this work has to be consulted. I will only state here that a 
slight suspicion exists of their being hybrids between V. estivalis and some form of Vinifera, though the seeds are 
entirely those of the former, and also the resistance to pbylloxera. The variety Lenoir, often named Jaquez, and in 
Black Spanish, has been introduced by millions into Southern France, and is there found to furnish not only an 
excellent stock whereon to graft their own — but also to make a superior wine directly, and one very rich in the 
deep coloring matter so highly prized there. 
. Vitis cINEREA, Engelm. Closely allied to Astivalis, with which I had formerly united it as a variety, of 
pretty eno the same size, rarely taller. It is distinguished by its whitish or grayish pubescence, which, especially 
on the branchlets, is quite persistent, even into winter; by the angular branchlets, the hair being — devel- 
oped on the angles; the cordate often entire, or slightly 3-lobed, more or less gray-downy leaves, w 
often resemble a linden leaf, with a rounded, but usually rather narrow sinus ; by the large, loose fon (17 (11)] 
cence, which opens its flowers rather later than any other of our species; by the small black berries, 
4 lines in diameter, without a bloom, of a pleasantly acid taste, until frost sweetens them, and by sli siete plump 
seed with a short beak. 
This species is found in rich soil in the Mississippi Valley from Central Illinois to Louisiana and Texas, especially 
in bottom lands and along the banks of lakes, in situations where we scarcely ever meet with Astivalis. It is quite 
abundant in such localities near St. Louis. 
9. Viris corpirottA, Miche. This is the tallest of our climbers at home in our deep bottom woods, but often 
also a low trailer over bushes and — well known as the Winter, or Frost grape, flowering late and maturing late 
its strongly flavored, shining black berri 
plant is glabrous, or the siaieesiols and lower surface of leaves somewhat hairy ; branchlets indistinctly 
angular (in this respect intermediate between the last two species) ; diaphragm at the nodes of the branches thick, 
rarely, at the lower nodes, wanting ; leaves rather large, 3 to 4 inches wide, or more, not lobed at all, or slightly 
3-lobed, cordate, with a deep narrow, or wider, but always sharp sinus, margined with nae rather | 
sharp-pointed teeth ; stipules short ; flowers in large, usually loose ican. blooming rather late ; berries small fe 
to 4 lines through), black and shining, with a peculiarly disagreeable and strong flavor; edible only after frost ; 
seed, with slight or strong rhaphe. 
