400 ABOUT THE OAKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
in the first season. Prof. Gray informs me that Miblenberg, in his manuscript Florula Lancastriensis, con- 
siders this form a variety of his are he enumerates the following of the Prinus Group: Q. castanea [392 (8)] 
with B prinoides, Q. Prinus, and Q. b 
Q. Doveuasi, Hook., is the an eae oak which might be confounded with Q. Garryana; but, if I 
understand it aright, it can always be distinguished by its small, oval, obtuse, bright brown, slightly hairy winter 
buds; its smaller, more sinuate than lobed leaves, which, downy in early youth, soon become glabrous on the upper 
side, ‘with a bluish tinge, whence it has received locally the name of blue-oak, or blue mountain-oak. It extends not 
as far north as Garryana, probably not into Oregon, but farther south on the lower hills and mountains of the 
Pacific slope. 
Q. unputaTA, Torr. Enough has been said in the introduction to this paper and on p. 382 about the wide 
limits of variation which this species enjoys; local botanists, however, are not agreed as to the relations these forms 
bear to each other. We are in arranging all the varieties in two groups. The first is characterized by larger, 
strongly lobed, darker green and decidedly deciduous leaves, and narrower, ciliate calyx lobes ; the second has smaller, 
paler, more rigid, mostly spinous-dentate, and—at least southward — or less persistent leaves, and broader, 
woolly calyx lobes. In both groups the sweet and edible acorns are oval, oblong, or sometimes elongated ; the sub- 
hemispherical, sessile, short- or sometimes long-peduncled cup varies from scaly to very knobby ; in the dark-leaved 
forms the acorns are often thicker and shorter, in the pale group slender and longer. Distinct as both groups seem to 
be, the original Q. undulata, my var. Jamesii, completely connects them. Var. Gambelii, with broader emarginate or 
even lobed. divisions of the large leaf, on one side runs into var. Gunnisont with narrow and entire lobes, and on the 
other into var. breviloba (Q. obtusiloba, var. breviloba, Torr. Bot. Bound., and probably Q. Durandii and Q. San Sabe- 
ana, Buckley) with sinuate or broad- and short-lobed leaves. The forms of this group are found from Western Texas 
through parts of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, but not west of the Colorado River. Var. Jamesii is a 
Gunnisoni with acute lobes of the smaller, more rigid leaves, found thus far only from West Texas to Colorado. The 
transition is almost imperceptible from this to the pale-leaved forms, which southward become evergreen, in so far as 
they lose their old leaves not before the new ones develop. They do not extend as far north nor east as the dark- 
leaved group, but farther southwestward through the California desert, and into the mountains bordering i on the west. 
This pale-leaved group consists principally of var. pungens (Q. pungens, Liebm., as to sp. Wright 
var. Wrightii, p. 382, which has constantly been confounded with Q. Emory) with small (1 insti or nes [393 (9)] 
long) sinuate-dentate leaves, the teeth very rigid and pungent. Var. grisea (Q. grisea, Licbm., Wright 6 
from West Texas) with oblong, more or less entire, often hoary leaves, which commonly passes for Q. mia can 
rcely be distinguished from pungens, as both forms occasionally are found on the same bush. Var. grandifolia, 
with very large (3-5 inches long) nearly entire or undulate leaves and very long peduncles, was found by Dr. Palmer 
in Arizona, and by Mr. Brandegee on the upper Arkansas. 
Q. oBLonetFoLiA, Torr. Bot. Sitgr. t. 19, not of Bot. Mex. Bound., the South California “live-oak,” a bush or a 
middle-sized tree with pale flaky bark ; oblong, Sap coriaceous, subpersistent leaves, at first soft downy, but soon 
glabrous on both sides (like those of Q. alba) ; short, oval, woolly calyx lobes, and sessile or short peduncled acorns. 
The leaves of young shoots are usually dentate, coe of fertile trees are entire or rarely sinuate. — This species seems 
to come to perfection on the coast mountains and in the valleys of Southern California from San Diego to San Luis 
Rey and Los Angeles, but extends into Western New Mexico, where it was first discovered, and into the adjacent parts 
of Mexico (Chibuahua, Dr. Gregg). 
Q. pumosa, Nutt. (see p. 382), the characteristic scrub-oak of the Californian coast ranges from San Francisco 
southward, is closely allied to the last and still more so to var. pungens of Q. undulata, but occupies a different geo- 
graphical range, has more sinuate-dentate than spiny-toothed leaves, dark green above ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute. 
The cup scales are strongly tuberculate, or rarely almost even.— Coulter’s 661, on which Liebmann founded his Q. 
berberidifolia, is toc this species ; but Fremont’s specimens, also quoted by him, at least those in Hb. Torrey, all 
belong to pung 
se Faltohs with thicker, paler, convex leaves, persistently woolly on both sides, has been found on the Santa 
Lucia mountains and near New Idria by Brewer, and in Pope Valley by Bolander. 
Page 383. Q. chrysolepis —I distinguish as a subspecies Q. vacciniifolia, Kellogg, a small-leaved evergreen shrub 
of the sierras, the oblong or lanceolate leaves, except in young shoots, entire, rarely more than 1 inch long, the yellowish 
4 The insects appear to understand the natural relations 
of the species of this group as well as we do ; on all of them, 
and on no other oaks, I have noticed a very peculiar gall — 
for a gall I must take this excrescence to be—on the cups, 
— or several together, usually surrounded by fringe-like 
metimes hollow, sometimes containing what loo 
like a diminutive acorn. Entomologists are, I suppose, well 
acquainted with these galls. Sometimes they have been 
taken for minute abortive acorns from the ax p 
scales ; but cup scales are not leaf organs, and cannot well 
produce axillary buds 
