V. 
PAPERS ON JUNCUS. 
IL A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS J UNCUS, 
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES. 
From THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE St. Louis AcapEmy oF Scrence, Vol. IL, p. 424-498. [Issued down to p. 458, May, 
1866.] 1866-1868. 
THE difficulty I found in arranging the species of Juncus of my own herbarium, the [424] 
doubts in which the authors left me by incomplete and unsatisfactory descriptions, and by 
confusion in the names and synonyms, the want of confidence which all my correspondents, even 
such as had paid a good deal of close attention to it, seemed to place in themselves and their own 
judgment when this genus was under discussion, —all this induced me to enter upon a critical 
study of our Junct. 1 was greatly aided by the most liberal contribution of specimens and of obser- 
vations from all sides; among those to whom I am thus indebted I mention Professor Asa Gray, of 
Cambridge, and Messrs. E. Durand, C. E. Smith, and Professor Leidy, of Philadelphia, who sent me 
their own and the herbaria of the institutions under their care; Dr. J. W. Robbins, of Massachu- 
setts; Rev. O. Brunet, of Quebec; Dr. H. P. Sartwell, of New York; Professor T. C. Porter, of 
Pennsylvania ; Mr. M.S. Bebb, of Washington; Rev. M. A. Curtis, of North Carolina; Mr. W. H. 
Ravenel, of South Carolina; Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Florida; Mr. E. Hall, of Illinois ; and last, but 
not least, Professor W. H. Brewer, of the California State Survey, and my indefatigable and ever 
obliging friend, Mr. H. N. Bolander, of San Francisco. In Europe I was greatly assisted by Professor 
Caspary, of Kcenigsberg, who compared E. Meyer’s herbarium, and by Professor A, Braun and Dr. 
Garcke, of Berlin, who examined Willdenow’s and Kunth’s herbaria for me. My very particular 
thanks are due to all of them. Michaux’s and Lamarck’s plants have, thus far, been inaccessible to 
me, and thus some questions of synonymy must remain unsettled for the present. 
A very conscientious examination of over a thousand specimens from all parts of the country, 
with careful dissections of their flowers and fruits, and drawing of these details, has enabled me, I 
believe, to place the proper value on the characters derived from the different organs of these plants, 
and to arrive at definite conclusions in regard to their species and varieties and their affinities among 
themselves. | 
These investigations, to be sure, were all made “in the closet” since the end of last summer, but 
I trust that they are not the less reliable, and that those who have the opportunity will follow them 
up in the field, and will enable me not only to improve upon this paper, but also to publish, with 
their aid (which some have already promised me) an Herbarium Juncorum Boreali-Ameri- 
canorum normale, which will stand in place of expensive plates, and will, it is believed, be [425] 
far preferable to them. 
Arrangement.—The numerous species of the genus Juncus have been divided into sections 
