338 THE AMERICAN JUNIPERS OF SECTION SABINA. 
changed into sugar ;? in other species they are black with a blue bloom, smaller, more pulpy, and 
retain to a great extent their resinous contents unchanged. These differences in the berries may be 
used to divide the species into two groups, while form and arrangement of leaves are unavailable for 
this purpose. 
The SEEDS vary in number; in some species they are single or sometimes in twos, rarely in 
threes, while in others the number rises from 5 to 10 or even 12, of which some usually remain im- 
perfect. The seeds have a hard, stony coating, often of great thickness, ovate in general outline, 
smooth, or grooved or angled and variously compressed, and sometimes rough or tubercled ; 
they are brown and shining upwards, and are marked below with a larger or smaller, mostly [587 (5)] 
bilobed, pale hilum. I cannot discover that the shape of the seeds, the presence or absence 
of the grooves or impressions, or the roughness of the surface, has much specific value. 
The embryo of most species has two cotyledons; only in J. Californica I find regularly more 
(4-6, mostly 5) cotyledons, — a curious repetition of a constant character of Adietinee, and perhaps 
the only instance of it in Cupressinew. Marked as this peculiarity is, it is not accompanied by any 
other character which would justify us in separating this species generically from its allies. 
The GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION of our Junipers is an interesting and, at least in regard to one 
of the species,an abnormal one. Most of the Junipers are rather local. Three species (J. Mexicana, 
flaccida, tetragona) are confined to the highlands of Mexico, and one (J. Bermudiana) to several 
West Indian Islands. Among those within our boundaries, one (J. Californica) is peculiar to the 
coast ranges and islands of California, and another one (J. pachyphlea) to the interior of Arizona and 
New Mexico, into which and into Utah a variety of the former also extends. Another species, 
properly named J/. occidentalis, is characteristic of the whole western mountain region from West 
Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, as far as California and Oregon. 
Then there is the northern J. Sabina, which, as well as J. communis, of which we do not treat 
here, follows the laws of high northern, or, as it is called, cireumpolar distribution, extending from 
Maine and Nova Scotia along the Great Lakes and to British Columbia as well as through Northern 
Asia and Europe, J. Communis reaching down to lower latitudes than the other, especially in the 
mountain ranges. 
Thus far all our species have not deviated in their distribution from the well-known laws of 
geographical botany. But one species, our common Red Cedar (J. Virginiana), makes a remarkable 
exception. It is the only conifer and one of the very few trees* which are found east as 
well as west, and certainly the only one which at the same time extends through so many [588 (6)] 
degrees of latitude. It is well known from the St. Lawrence to the Cedar Keys of Florida, 
from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains; and farther, even to the Pacific coast of British 
Columbia. 
I arrange the nine American species in the following order : — 
I, oe a Jarger, reddish-glaucons, fibrous, dry, sweetish berries. 
single or few ; leaves fringed or denticulate, 
a. Cotyledons 4-6, 
1, J. Californica. 
b. Cotyledons 2. 
2. J. Mexicana, 
B. Seeds numerous, 4-12 ; leaves slightly denticulate. 
3. J. pachyphlea. 
i ; 
2 Ihave been able to examine the fresh fruit of only J. Californica and pachyphlea, but have little doubt that that of 
the other two species, referred here, is of the same character. A similar process seems to take place in the sap of the sugar-pine, 
® The others belong to the universal poplars, and may perhaps as well be classed among the circumpolar vegetation 
extending south along the mountains. 
