ee ae es 
ABIETINEA OF CALIFORNIA. 853 
The “ Red Fir” of Northern California, forming large forests about the base of Mount Shasta, at 6,000 to 8,000 
feet altitude, vee extending through the Cascade Mountains to the Columbia River. The timber is said to be better 
than that of other firs. Forms are found with almost enclosed bracts, often accompanying the others, which may con- 
nect with the following species. 
+ + Bracts enclosed. 
A. maenirica, Murray. — Similar to the last, even more than 200 feet high and 8 to 10 feet in diameter, 
with fe same kind of thick red-brown bark, and with similar very rigid foliage, but the leaves never grooved nor 
notched even on the young trees, on older branches shorter and thicker, so that they are mostly only a fourth wider 
than thick or even perfectly square, and often only 6 to 9 lines long: cones 6 to 8 inches long, 2} to 3} inches thick, 
purplish brown; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the very wide scales, which are 1} to 1} inches broad by 
scarcely an inch high: seeds slender, the wing broader, very obliquely Sh aa cotyledons 8 to 10. — Proc. 
Hort. Soe. iii. 318; Engelm. 1. c. 601. Abies amabilis of Californian botani 
The “ Red Fir” of the higher Sierras is not rare at an altitude of bed to 10,000 feet, but forms no forests b 
itself. Easily distinguished from the last by the enclosed bracts. Forms, however, are said to occur (Mount Silliman, 
Brewer) with exsert bracts, and it remains to be reen whether the slight differences in the leaves, scales, and seeds will 
suffice to keep the species separate. 
8. PSEUDOTSUGA, Carritre. Dovenas Spruce. 
Flowers from the axils of last year’s leaves. Male flowers an oblong or subcylindrical stamineal column, sur- 
rounded and partly enclosed by numerous icin as orbicular bud-scales; commissure of the anthers terminating in 
a short spur, the cells opening obliquely by one continuous slit ; pollen: praine Se i Female flowers with 
the scales much shorter than the broadly hers acutely 2-lobed and long-pointed or aristate bracts, Cones maturing in 
the first year, with persistent scales and exsert bracts. Seeds without resin- scaling the wing at last breaking off. Coty- 
ledons 6 to 12. — A very large tree, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often at last more spreading, with yellow or red- 
dish rather coarse but very valuable wood, which is distinguished from that of all the allied conifers by the abundance 
of spirally marked wood-cells. Leaves flat, distinctly petioled, somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at the base, stomatose 
only on the lower surface, with two lateral resin-ducts close to the epidermis of the under side, leaving on the branch- 
lets scarcely prominent transversely oval scars. — Conif. 2 ed. 256. Pinus, sect. Tsuga, Endl., in part; Parlat. Abies, 
indl., in 
A single species, which extends through the Rocky Mountains and mountains of California, from Oregon far into 
Mexico, and is in Oregon the largest and most important timber-tree 
1. P. Doveras, Carr. l.c. A gigantic tree (200 to over 300 feet high and 8 to 15 feet in diameter), with [120] 
very thick brown deeply fissured bark: leaves pier distinctly petioled, whicatly obtuse or obtusish, 8 to 12 lines 
long, or on robust shoots even 16 lines long, by ? line wide: male flowers oblong-cylindrical, 5 to 10 lines long, half 
en sid ed in large loose orbicular involucral scales: cones 2 to 3 or rarely 4 inches long, subcylindrical ; bracts more or 
less exsert and spreading or reflexed : seeds triangular, on the upper side convex and "yoda sh brown, on the lower flat 
and white, 3 lines long; wings 3 to 4} lines long, broadest at base, acutish : cotyledons 6 to 8. —Engelm. in Wheeler’s 
Rep. vi. 257. Pinus Douylasii, Sabine ; Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. ii. 162, t. 183; Parlat. in DC. Pride. xvi2. 430. Abies 
Douglasit, coon : ites ete iii. 129, t. 115; Newberry, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 54, t. 8. Tsuga Douglasii, Carr. 
Var. ARPA. A smaller tree, 40 ret 50 or rarely 80 feet high, 1} to 2 or 3 feet thick, with long spreading 
a pre narrower, often acutish leaves: male flowers nearly an inch long: cones 5 to 7 inches long, 2 inches 
es large in proportion ; ies not as long as in the typical form: seeds and wing both 5 ri Snes « cotyle- 
dons 9 to 12.— Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, Torr. in Ives’s Rep. 28. A. macrocurpa, Vasey in Gard. Monthly, 
Jan. 1876. 
Throughout the Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Nevada up to 6,000 or 8,000 feet, and also northward near the 
coast, attaining its largest proportions in Oregon, and extending in a smaller form to the Rocky Mountains. A beauti- 
ful tree, readily distinguished by its fringed cones, or else by the flat always petioled leaves, The variety occurs in the 
cafions of the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, and in the San Felipe Cafion, at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 
feet, with oaks and below most of the coniferous trees. It looks very distinct, but with the exception of the proportions 
of the cones and seeds no reliable specific characters can be discovered. Transition forms between the two have not yet 
been found. 
9. TSUGA, Carritre. Hemiock Spruce.* 
Male flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year’s leaves, the long stipe surrounded by 
numerous bud-scales ; commissure of the anthers terminating in a short spur or knob ; cells opening transversely by a 
* For reprint see Gardeners’ Chronicle, n.s., Vol. XII. Dec, 13, 1879, p. 756. — Eps. 
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