BY E. M. JOHNSTON, F.L.S. 



15 



But this state of no savings, or the minimum of savings, 

 may be and is more frequently the result of the diminished ( n ) 

 powers of I K A with the minimum of C, or minimum stage. 

 I a K n A n -C n =0 Savings. 



We have here four or five important conditions affecting- 

 the appropriation of the fruits of industry, skill, and skilled 

 auxiliary appliances and aids. 



(1) I m K'» A m - C" = 



I n K n A m - C u (2) or I>» K m A'" - C x = 



<3) 



I m K ra A n -C n = 



C Minimum of satis- 



< factious and maxi- 

 (_ mum of savings. 

 ( Maximum of satis- 



< factions and no 

 <_ savings. 



( Minimum 



of satis- 

 and in- 



f actions 



crease of savings. 

 No savings, and 

 poverty. 



is composed almost entirely of rich 

 j skill, energy, and living moderately or 



(4) I m K m A n - C m = 



(5) I n K u A n -C" = 



The first group 

 capitalists possessin 

 abstemiously. 



The second group is composed of rich capitalists possessing 

 skill and energy, but living in extravagance. 



The third group is composed of skilled minds and hands, 

 middlemen, professional men, and better class of skilled 

 labourers living moderately within their means. 



The fourth group, the same as the last, but living up to 

 their means, or lacking skill or energy. 



The fifth group is composed of unskilled workmen lacking 

 industry or lacking employment, or skilled workmen lacking 

 energy or employment, or improvident in their manner of 

 living. 



Whatever defects spring from riches there is this to be 

 said in its favour : that by passion for accumulation or savings 

 of its owners it secures the necessary fund to invest in the 

 expensive tools and instruments of production, without which 

 the primary wants of the existing population could not be 

 supplied. The desire to sacrifice present ease to future 

 benefit is confined to the few, and if the products were 

 generally distributed in equal proportion they would be 

 almost entirely lost by slightly raising for the moment the 

 average consumption of satisfactions ; and this slight advan- 

 tage would soon be dissipated by the impulse which it would 

 give to the masses of improvident persons — in heightening 

 the marriage rate, and causing a rapid increase of population 

 or mouths to bo fed. 



