xliv 



Papilionidcs and Urhicolcs (Hesperidse), which last group he con- 

 siders were " first separated from the common stock, and never 

 developed to a high degree, since they still remain by far the 

 lowest of the group, and are in many points more closely allied 

 to some of the higher moths than they are to any other butter- 

 flies." An arborescent plan of the genealogy of the groups of 

 butterflies is given, by which, as well as by the investigation 

 of the various points of their structural differences, the highest 

 place is given to the brush-footed butterflies, as has also been 

 done by Bates, following the Germans, and followed by W. F. 

 Kirby. Disagreeing entirely with this view of the relations of the 

 families of butterflies, and regarding the Papilionidse as the 

 typical group, I must reserve my comments thereon for a future 

 occasion. 



The curious questions as to the parthenogenesis, dimorphism, 

 and the occurrence of alternations of generation in certain Euro- 

 pean CyniipidcB, raised in Dr. Adler's memoir, which appears in 

 the 'Deutsche Entomol. Zeitschr.' (vol. xxi., part 1), have formed 

 the subject of an article by Mr. P. Cameron, published in the 

 ' Scottish Naturalist' (October, 1877). Hartig first divided the 

 gall-flies into (1) those which formed the galls, (2) those which in- 

 habited galls formed by the former, and (3) those which are purely 

 animal parasites. Of the first division eight of the genera are 

 exclusively confined to the oak, and three to other plants; but 

 amongst these Hartig found that in certain of the species there 

 were [apparently] no males, thousands of specimens having been 

 reared by competent observers all over Europe without a single 

 male having been obtained ; now the supposed unisexual indi- 

 viduals are mostly autumnal, whilst the bisexual ones are mostly 

 vernal, the galls appearing with the young leaves and flowers, and 

 the insects passing with great rapidity through their various 

 stages ; and Dr. Adler's hypothesis is that the spring forms give 

 origin in the autumn, not to galls and insects like themselves, but 

 to totally different galls which yield agamic forms very dissimilar 

 to the spring ones, and these autumnal insects hibernate and lay 

 eggs in early spring, which in due time yield the bisexual flies. 

 Thus he states that Spathogaster haccarum, the maker of the 

 common currant galls, oviposits in the young leaves, producing 

 the well-known spangle galls of Neuroterus lenticularis, which in 

 spring lays its eggs in the buds, giving issue to currant galls. 



