174 BIRDS OF ILLINOIS. 



Clangula hyemalis (Lien.) 



OLD SQUAW. 



Popular synonyms. Old Wife; South Southerly; Long- tailorl Duck; Caca- wee (Canada) ; 

 Swallow-tailed Duck; Hound (Newfoundland); Old Injun (Massachusetts and Con- 

 necticut): Old Molly; Old Billy ;Coween or Cowheen (Ontario); Scolder or Scoldenore 

 (New Hampshire and Massachusetts). 



Anas hyemalis Linn. S. N. ed. 10. i, 1758, 12G; ed. 12. 1, 17C6. 202 

 Anas hiemalis Beunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 17. 

 Harelda hyemalis B. B. & R. Water B. N. km. ii, 1884, 57. 

 Clangula hiemalis Ekehm, Handb. Yog. Deutschl, 1831. 933. 



Ulangula hyemalis A. O. U. Check List, 1886, No. 154.— Eidgw. Man. N. Am. B. 1SS7. IOC. 

 Anas glacialis LiNN. S. N. ed. 12, i. 17C6, 203.— Wils. Am. Orn. viii, 1814, 93, 9C, pi. 70. 

 Earelda glacialis "Leach," Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii, pt. ii, 1824, 175, pi. 58.— Sw. 

 & Rich. F. B.-A. ii. 1831, 460.— Baied, B. N. Am. 1858, 800; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 597.— 

 CouES, Key, 1872, 291 ; Check List. 1873, No. 508; 2d ed. 1882. No. 728; B. N. W. 1874, 579.— 

 RiDGW. Nom. N. Am. B. 1881, No. 62:3. 

 Fuligula {Harelda) olacialis Nutt. Man. ii, 1834, 463. 



Fuligula glacialis Aud. Orn. Biog. iv, 1838,403, pi. 312; Synop. 1839. 295; B. Am. vi, 1S43, 

 379, pi. 410. 

 A nas miclonia Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 58. 



Anas longicauda Leach, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus. 1816, 37. 

 Anas Irachyrhynclws Beseke, Yog. Kurl. 1792, 50. 

 I-latvpus faheri Beehm, Lerb. Eur. Vog. ii, 1821, 1004. 

 Clangula faberi, m,egauros, m,usica, brachyrhynchos Beehm, V. D. 1831, 935, 936, 937, 938. 



Hab. Northern hemisphere ; in America, south in winter to nearly the southern bor- 

 der of the United States. 



Sp. Chae. Adult male in winter: Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, chin, tliroa*-, 

 lower part of the neck (all round), and upper part of the chest and back, white; lores, 

 cheeks, and orbital region light mouse-gray, the eyelids white; a large oblong space cover- 

 ing the sides of the neck, black, becoming light grayish brown in its lower portion. Mi Idle 

 of the ba<^k, rump, upper tail-coverts, tall, wing&, lower part of the chest, whole breast, and 

 upper part of the abdomen, black; the pectoral area very abruptly defined both anteriorly 

 and posteriorly— the latter with a strongly convex outline. Scapulars glaucous-white or 

 very pale pearl-gray; posterior lower parts white, the sides strongly shaded with pearl- 

 giay. Basa' half of the bill black, the terminal portion orange-yellow or pinkish, with the 

 nail bluish gray; iris bright cai-mine; feet light plumbeous, the webs du«kr, and claws 

 black. "The outer half of the bill rich orange- yellow, that color extending to the base 

 along the ridge, the unguis and the basal half black, as well as the unguis and edges of the 

 lower mandible" (Audubon). Adult male, in summer: Lores, cheeks, and sides o' the 

 forehead, pale mouse-gray; eyelid<, and a postocu'ar longitudinal space, white ; rest of the 

 head, whole nock, and upper parts generally sooty-black; upper part of the back more or 

 less variegated with fulvous; scapulars widely edged with the same, varying on some 

 feathers to ochraceous and palo puff. Breast and upper part of the abdomen dark sooty- 

 grayish, abruptly defined behind with a semicircu'ar outline, as in the winter plumage; re- 

 maining lower parts white, shaded on the sides with pal.^ pearl-gray. Bill black, crossed, 

 in front of the nostrils, by a wide band of orange; iris yellowish brown; feet bluish black, 

 the joints and under surface of the webs black. Adult female, in xciiiter: Head, neck, 

 and lower parts, chiefly white; forehead, medially, and crown, dusky; auricular region, 

 chin, and throat, tinged with the same; chest light dingy gray. Upper parts dusky bro .vn. 

 the scapulars bordered with grayish fulvous or light raw-umber brown, some of the 

 feathers tipped with pale ashy. Adult female, in summer: Head and neck dark grayi-h 

 brown, with a large space surrounding the eye, and another on the si ie of the neck, gray- 

 ish white; upper parts as in the winter plumage, but upper part of the back variegated 



