LARID.E — THE fiULLS AND TERNS. 221 



Only two species of Rlssa are known, both of which belong to 

 the North American fauna. They may readily be distinguished 

 by the following characters: 



1. R. tridactyla. Less and fe t black; wine, about 12.2.5 inchef?; culmen, 1.40-1.50; 



■ lopth of bill at ba-se, .T>^; tarsus, L.TO; middle toe with claw, 1.80. 



2, E, brevirostris. Less and feet deep coral- or vermilion-red (drying yellowish); 



wing, about Vi.m inches; cidmon, 1.20; depth of bill tiirough base. .50; tarsus, 1.25; 

 middle toe with claw, nearly 2.00. Hab. North Paciflc, particularly the American 

 side. 



Rissa tridactyla (Linn.) 

 Kirn WAKE. 



Popular sjmonyma. Kittiwake Gull; Tarrock (England, name for young); Winter Gull, 

 Pinyole, or Pinny Owl (Newfoundland Banks). 



Lairus tridactylus Linn. y. N. ed. 10, i. 1758. 136; ed. 12, i, 1766, 221.— Sw. & Eich. F. B.-A. ii, 1831, 

 42:}.— NuTT. Man. ii, 18:34, 298— Aud. Orn. Biog. iii, 1835, IS'!, pi. 224; Synop. 1839, 

 326: B. Am. vii, 1841, 146 pi. 444.— CouES, Key, 1872, 314; Check List, 1873, No. 552. 

 Missa tridactyla Bonap. Comp. List, 1838. 62.— Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 18.58, 854. 

 — Baied. Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 672.— Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, 163 (synonymy, et-.), 

 — EiDGW. Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, No, 658; Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 25.— Coues, 2d Check 

 List, 18S2, No. 782.— A. O. U. Check List, 1886, No. 40. 

 Bissa tridactyla, a. tridactyla B. B. & B. Water B. N. Am. ii, 1884, 202. 

 Lams [liissa) tridactyhts CouES, B. N. W. 1S74, 644. 



L&rus rissa Beunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 42 — LlNN. S. N. ed. 12, i, 1766, 224. 



Lams albns Mullee, Natursyst. 1776, 108 (based Buffon's Monette cendree tachettee). 



Larua cinerarius Fabe. Fauna G^oenl. 1780, 101 (not of LiNN. 1766.— Winter plum.ige). 



Lams ncevius Schaff. Mus. Orn. 178!). 64 (not of Linn.). 



Lams torquatvs P at.t, . Zoog. i'.osso-As. ii, 1S26. 328. 



Larus cantis Pall. 1. c. 330 (not of Linn.). 



La7tts gavia Pall. 1. c. 329. 



Lams riga GmeIi. S. N. i, pt. ii, 1788, 594 (misprint). 



Bissa bmnnichii Leach, Stephen's Gen. Zool. xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 181, pi. 21. 



Jiissa cinerea Etton, Cat. Br. B. 1836, 52. 



Laroides minor Beehm, Yog. Deutschl. 1831, 756. • 



Jiissa bt realis Beehm, Naum. 1855, 294 (not Larus borealis Bbuch). 



Jiissa gregaria Beehm, 1. c. 



Hab. Cireumpolar regions in summer, coming south in winter to the Middle States 

 and Great Lakes. 



8p. Chae. Adult in summer: Mantle deep pearl-gray (about the same shade as Larw.'? 

 hrachyrhynchus and /.. calif amicus), the secondaries passing into white terminally. Pri- 

 m;iries paler pearl-gray, the five outer quills with their terminal portion black, this color 

 extending for about 3.25 inches on the outer and .75 of an inch, more or less, on the fifth, and 

 of intermediate extent on those between; outer web of the exterior quill almost wholly 

 black; inner quills pale pearl-blue, scarcely paler terminally, the sixth sometimes marked 

 with a black spot near the end of the outer web; fifth quill tipped with white, and fourth 

 with a minute apical spot (when not worn off). Rest of the plumage snow-white. Bill pale 

 yellow, sometimes tinged with greenish; inside of mouth vermilion- red; eyeUds red; iris 

 brown; legs and feet black or dusky brown. Adult in winter: Similar, but nape and occi- 

 put washed with the color of the back, the auricular region, and immediately in front of the 

 eye, with a dark plumbeous suflfusion, sometimes extending across the occiput. Young, 



