INTKODUCTION. 11 



number of more or less strictly maritime species, among the most 

 important of which are, during summer, Ammodromus candacutus, 

 A^glalitiii vwlcdiis and Anas obscura, and, during the migrations, 

 Strepsilas interpres, Trbuja bonapartei, T. viaritima, T. caiiuta, Cali- 

 dris arenaria, v?ith all the common water-birds, with very few 

 exceptions, found upon the coast at that season. In winter the list 

 is larger, during which season are found Ilistrionicus torquatus, 

 Harelda glacialis, the three species of Q^demia, Somateria inollissima, 

 S. spectahiUs, Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Larus glaiicus, L. leiuopterus, 

 L. marinus, and Rissa tridactyla. 



"As would be expected, the southern species occur only in sum- 

 mer, with the exception of Lophophanes hicolor, which is found only 

 in winter. The principal southern species are : Mimus polyghtius, 

 Parus carolinensis, Thryothorus ludoviciamis, T. bewicki, Frotonotaria 

 citrea, Dendrccca var. albilara, D. cceralea, Oporornis formosus, leteria 

 virens, Myiodioctes mitrntus,.Pyranga (estiva, Collwrio var. ludoviciana, 

 Cardlnalis virginianus, Centurus carolinus, Nauclerus forjicatus, Rhi- 

 nogryphus aura, Tantalus loculator, Gallinula martinica, Porzana 

 jamaicensis, Sterna regia and S. antillarum. 



"We also have, either as residents or transient visitants, the fol- 

 lowing western species : Myiadestes townsendi, Vireo hclli (breeds), 

 Hesperiphona vespertina, Plectrophanes pictus, Ammodromus lecontei, 

 Zonotrichia var. intermedia, Z. coronata, Z. querula, Spizella pallida 

 (breeds), Eremophila var. leucolcema (breeds), Sturndla var. neglecta 

 (breeds), Scolecophagus cyanoceplialus. Pica var. hudsonica, Chordeiles 

 var. henryi (breeds), Buteo var. calurus (breeds?), B. swainsoni 

 (breeds?) Tringa hairdii, Stcganopus iviUoni (breeds), and numerous 

 others less strictly western. 



"Not only is the influence of the Lake upon the fauna shown by 

 the occurrence of numerous species of birds, attracted by the pres- 

 ence of a large body of water with its congenial surroundings, but 

 the influence of the Lake upon the climate and the vegetation in 

 its immediate vicinity has a marked influence upon the list of sum- 

 mer residents. 



"As is well known, the country bordering upon the great lakes 

 possesses an average lower temperature during summer, and a 

 higher temperature during the winter, than the surrounding dis- 

 tricts. This has a decided effect upon the movements and distri- 

 bution of the birds in the vicinity of these large bodies of water. 



"This influence is seen in a retardation, often of a week or more, 

 in the spring migration, and in the scarcity of small woodland 



