THE ROMAN MILITARY STATION AT NEWSTEAD. 205 
tilla Tormentilla, and the two species of Ranunculus already 
referred to. Other weeds of this nature are Sinapis arvensis, 
Geranium sp., Mysotis sp., Urtica dioica, and various species of 
Rumex. “a 
The seeds and fruits of other samples are of plants characteristic 
of thickets, and the presence of many twigs confirms the view 
that the deposits containing these are largely the scraps 
from forest clearings. Among such deposits I have recognised 
seeds of Solanum Dulcamara, Pedicularis palustris, fruits of 
Galeopsis Tetrahit, Urtica dioica, Rumex sp., and the fruits of 
many sedges, The fern remains also belong to these deposits. 
Attention may be directed to the deposits containing brush- 
wood in layers. In one instance a deposit of this character 
(Sample J, Table I) yielded seeds of characteristic moor-plants, 
Thus besides seeds of Calluna vulgaris, twigs of which formed 
the bulk of the brushwood in the deposit under review, I found 
the fruit parts of an Erica, berries and seeds of Empetrum 
nigrum, fruits of Rumex Acetosa, and those of several species of 
Scirpus and Carex. Besides the seeds mentioned, I found in 
this deposit leaves. of a narrow-leaved grass, possibly Festuca . 
ovina, 
Where the brushwood laid on the clay was birch (Sample G, 
Table I) the seeds found were more varied in character, repre- 
senting doubtless species that would form pioneers on freshly- 
made fortifications and embankments. 
IT. Woods of Implement Handles and other Articles. 
(For detailed identifications, see Table II.) 
Turning to the table giving the kinds of woods used for tool 
handles and other articles, one finds that those perhaps most 
commonly employed were ash and hazel. The latter wood figures 
as the shaft of a spear, as the shaft of a javelin, 
and as handles to tools. It doubtless recommended itself 
for these purposes on account of the clean and straight 
stems of moderate diameter and light weight obtainable. Hazel, 
though not durable, is fairly elastic. The value of ash for tool 
handles and the like is recognised at the present day. 
Pyrus Aucuparia, used as a shaft for a hammer (No. 1, 
Table II), and also as a shaft for a gouge (No. 3, Table IJ), 
