THE DIUENAL LEPIDOPTERA. 435 



two species of Hypanartia, a Tropical- American genus, occur in 

 Africa and Madagascar. Soutli Africa is remarkably poor in 

 species, and can hardly number more than 250. Most of the cha- 

 racteristic genera of Tropical Africa are entirely absent, or very 

 poorly represented, though the number of species peculiar to 

 Southern Africa is very considerable in proportion to the total. 

 A summaiy of their geographical distribution is given by Mr. 

 Trimen at the end of his ' Khopalocera Africa? Australis.' 



Dr. Sclater estimates the birds of the J^lthiopian region at 1250 

 species, or one species to 9G00 square miles : but here the defici- 

 ency of known butterflies is still more remarkable than in the 

 Palaearctic region ; for they do not number more than 733, or one 

 species to 1G,400 miles nearly. It must be remembered, how- 

 evei', that a very small proportion of Africa has yet been explored 

 entomologically ; but the small number of species known from 

 the best-explored portion (Soutli Africa) proves beyond a doubt 

 that its Lepidopterous fauna is extremely poor, although the 

 greater portion of tlie species belong to genera almost peculiar to 

 Africa. The insects of Africa are also extremely uniform in' cha- 

 racter, the same genera and often the same species occurring in 

 localities so widely removed as Sierra Leone, Mozambique, and 

 Natal. 



III. Indian or Middle Palceotropieal Region. 



^^ Extent. — India and Asia generally, south of Himalayas ; 

 Ceylon ; Burmah ; Malacca and Southern China ; Philippines ; 

 Borneo; Java; Sumatra and adjacent islands : an area of perhaps 

 4,000,000 square miles." 



Characteristic forms. — Zophoessa, Lethe, Neofe, Ccelites, Zethera, 

 Bagadia, Yphthima, Melanitis, Amathusia, Zeuocidia, JDiscophora, 

 Enispe, Clerome, JEmona, Thaumantis, Cethosia, Cirrochroa, Cyn- 

 thia, Junonia, Mhinopalpa, Kallima, Amnosia, Hestina, JEuripus, 

 JPenthema, Lcladea, Limenitis, Neptis, Athyma, JSuthalia, Tanaecia, 

 Symjjhcedra, Apatura, Gharaxcs, Dodona, Taxila, Miletus, Alio- 

 tinus, Ilerda, Sithon, Deudorix, Liphyra, Amhlypodia, Tachyris, 

 Frioneris, Dercas, Calinaga, Teinopalpus, Leptocircus, Taractrocera, 

 Tagiades. 



By far the richest district in the world, except South America. 

 The principal characteristic forms are enumerated above; and 

 these are almost, if not entirely, confined to the Indian region, 

 though several have outlying representatives in Celebes alone — 



