174 C. JR. Osten Sacken: 



which enables them at the will of the larva, to be shut up or buried 

 within the body. ') 



Figures of the larvae and pupae of the JCiphura-gvow]) may be 

 found in Penis, Ann. des Sc. Natur. 1840, Tab. III, f. 29—37; 

 Gercke, Verh. d. Ver. für naturw. Unterhaltung in Hamburg, Bd. 

 VI, 1880. Also in the old work of Fischer v. Waldheim, Oryctographie 

 du Gouvt. de Moscou 1830—37, Tab. XII. Only Fischer, like Weyen- 

 bergh, and Hermann made a mistake in determining the species ; it is 

 not the larva of Ct. pectinicornis which he figures, but that of a 

 Jiiphura, either ^. atrata or nigricornis 



The pupae of Ctenophora and Dictenidia are easily distin- 

 guished from those of Jiiphura by the shape of their thoracic pro- 

 cesses; these are long and pointed in Ctenophora; short, stout, as 

 if doubled up in Jiiphura (compare the abovequoted figures). The 

 distribution of the spines on the abdomen is likewise different in the 

 two groups. On the ventral side, in JCiphura, the spines begin 

 with the fourth segment and are arranged by two's 

 on the fourth, fifth and sixth Segments, and two pairs 4 

 on the seventh thus: In Dictenidia hhnaculata on o. 

 the ventral side of the abdomen, the spines begin ^ 

 with a pair on the second segment; then there are * 

 five on each of the four following segments, and again 

 a pair on the seventh; the spines on the second have ipnura. 

 the tips of the legs between them; those on the se- 

 venth, are large, flat, bifid at the tip. 2 ~' 



The dorsal spines of the abdomen of ^^/>7i^era y ~T~;~"rT~. 

 are six in number on the intermediate segments, and ^ « » » » ■ 

 four on the seventh. Dict. bimaculata has two on ^ ! ! ] ! i 

 the first segment, and four on each of the six follo- r-~~ ~ 



wing ones. Judging from the existing figures, the ar- 



rangement of the spines in the pupae of Ctenophora Dictenidia 

 s. s. is nearer to that of Dictenidia than of Jiiphura. 



Among- the pupae of Tipula and Pachyrrhina as far as I have 

 seen them, and can mäke out from descriptions the rule is, that on 

 the dorsal side there are no longer spines at all in the middle of 

 the segment, but only rows of spinules on the posterior margins, 



The larvae of JCiphura and Ctenophora are not particular as 



^) Some mistake has occurred in the determination of Mr. Her- 

 mann's species when he says that „neither C. pectinicornis, nor 

 riißcornis have such an apparatus etc." (1. c. p. 147). But ruficornis 

 is a ^iphura, a variety of J^. atrata, and therefore has the appa- 

 ratus he is describing. 



