Studies on Tipididae. 183 



At any rate he does not seem to have known Tip. Diana in 1844, 

 because otherwise he would have mentioned it as congeneric with 

 his S. pubescens. 



Stygeropis is a form characterizing northern regions; the pre- 

 vailmg color is a dnll gray. Only one (er two, if S. pubescens Lyf. 

 be accepted as a species), european species are mentioned; but it is 

 possible that some of Zetter stedt's lapponic species (Tip. serricornis, 

 subserricornis etc.) may belong here. Loew described three north- 

 american species, and I placed CtenopJiora Parryi Kirby from arctic 

 America in the same geuus (see my Catal. N. Am. Diptera 1878, 

 p. 40). 



Liongurio Loew, Centuriae VIII, 2 (1869) is characterized thus: 



„Small head, very short, 12-jointed antennae; rostrum shorter 

 than the head, 'stont; palpi of moderate length; last Joint a little 

 longer than the preceding; abdomen slender, very long; hypopygium 

 not incrassate, more like that of a Limnobia; terminal appendages 

 of the forceps large, foliaceous." 



Longiirio testaceus Loew, from Massachusetts, is represented 

 in the collection of Loew's north American types in Cambridge, Mass. 

 by a Single male specimen. which looks like an ordinary Tipida, 

 with a very long abdomen, not unlike T juncea. 



Solorusialjoevf, Centuriae IV, 1 (1863). The type is a large 

 californian Tipida, H. rubiginosa. I translate the generic character: 



„The last section of the second vein is very arcuate, so that, 

 in its middle course is comes very near the third, again rising towards 

 the Costa. The crossvein conuecting the first with the second vein is 

 obsolete, so that the inner marginal cell coalesces with the outer 

 one; joints of the antennae short, provided only with very minute 

 bristles; the rest as in Tipula. Besides the described species I have 

 seen some Holorusiae from Java." 



The Tipida from Java alluded to by Loew is perhaps the Tip. 

 praepotens Vied., which, as far as I recollect, shows some structural 

 characters of Hol. rubiginosa. Unfortunately, I have no specimens 

 of either before me at present. Unless I am very much mistaken, 

 these two species are closely related to the group of european Ti- 

 pulae sensu stricto formed by T. oleracea, paludosa, gigantea etc. 



The true extent and a better definition of the three last-named 

 genera : Stygerojns', Longurio and Holorusia, will be obtained only 

 through a general revision of the now very numerous species of Ti- 

 pula, european and exotic. Such a revision should aim at a syste- 

 matic grouping of the species, with a definition of the groups based 

 upon various parts of the body, including the male forceps. It is a 



