422 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 



A little above the middle of the genital segment the two ovaries are rather 

 loosely attached to a yellowish and somewhat trilobed body,^ the median 

 (unpaired) funnel of the two oviducts. I said " looselj^," because on macer- 

 ating- a female in dilute acetic acid this funnel as well as the two ovarial 

 strings se])arate, the funnel usually remaining loosely — apparently only 

 attached by connective tissue — to one of the strings, and sometimes it 

 is entirely separated. The two oviducts resemble inflated pig-bladders ; 

 their skin is very muscular and elastic. The lower (outer) terminus of 

 each oviduct appears to be closed by a sort of a sphincter, since the eggs 

 contained therein (often crammed together) will be retained until the 

 chorion is formed. The time occupied is very variable, but I have 

 neglected to record the same. After copulation the eggs are emptied 

 from the oviducts into the outer "uterine" bag, where they appear in 

 the shape of a small cluster at each outer side of the two oviducts, where 

 they undergo the j^rocess of segmentation. This outer bag consists of 

 a very thin but tough chitinous skin inclosing the two oviducts and the 

 cement-glands, and is fastened with a broad base to the upper (anterior) 

 part of the external genital bag. Its exit is a very short tip in the me- 

 dian line and connects with the outer valve. The eggs are now still plas- 

 matic, not quite spherical in shape, and remain in their present place, 

 surrounded by the brown cement-glands, during continual rhythmic mo- 

 tions produced by a ramified muscle-net,^ for from 14 to 20 hours. At 

 the end of this time they are perfectly spherical, having received by the 

 liquid brown secretion of the gland (the gland-lobules are now perfectly 

 colorless, the brown secretion surrounding the eggs), a chitinous, light- 

 brown, finely granulated egg-shell. 



The cement-gland consists of three nearly equal, long, parallel, and 

 longitudinal sections ; there are two lateral and a median section. The 

 median section (between the two oviducts) has now acquired a dark- 

 blue hue. The newly -formed ovarial eggs have meanwhile also entered 

 the oviduct, and, after copulation, are again emptied from the oviduct 

 into the outer "uterine" bag, simultaneously expelling the already 

 X)resent light-brown eggs around the oviducts toward the median line, 

 where they cluster in the median dark-blue cement gland. After two 

 hours the blue glands become colorless, and again, after some three or 

 four hours, they turn from a slight pink into brown. There the eggs 

 remain until they become dark brown and very hard, afterwards to be 

 deposited through the median apex of the inner uterine bag and thence 

 through the valvule into the water, where they sink down. 



Eemarlcs. — In a paper read before the American Association Adv. 

 Science, 1881, I have referred the evolutionary changes seen in the 

 pale races to direct chemico-physical influences ; ^ morphological differ- 

 ences were explained through Wagner's migration theory,"^ as well as 

 through Darwin's selection theory.^ 



Morphological changes, such as seen in set B, C, and (?) D, may be 

 regarded as a sort of Hypertelie,*' (specimens, not showing similarity in 

 form without purpose, originate after certain laws, slumbering in them 

 until the phenomenon, Hypertelie, is animated by external influences.) 



* Probably -what Spaujjenberg (page 46, op. cit.) took for a receptaciilum semiDis. 



2 See R. Bncbholz, "Ueber Brauchipus Grubei" in Scbriften der phys.-cecon. Gesell. 

 zu Konigsberg, v, page 100, Taf. Ill, and also F. Leydig iu op. cit. 



3 See Schmankewitscb, loc. cit., and same autbor in Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. 1877, XXIX: 

 "Ueber den Eiuflnss ilnsserer Lebensbediugnngeu anfdie Organisation der Tbiere." 



*"Die Darwin'scbe Theorie und das Migrationsgesetz der Oiganismen" von Dr. 

 Moritz Wagner, 1868. See, also, "Kosmos," iv, Aiiril, 1880; " Ueber die Entstebung 

 der Arten durcb Absondernng" von Dr. M. Wagner, 



6 "On tbe origin of species by means of natural selection," 1859. 



6 "Ueber Hypertelie in der Natur" iu Verbandlungen der k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellscli. 

 za Wien, 1873, xxiii, page 133. 



