466 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 



line mud. I had to take fresli-water mud because the marine mud be- 

 gan to show signs of decomposition. 



On May 22 the four oklest individuals in jar o had brown eggs ; also 

 all the others attained maturity by May 29, so that I was sure that these 

 15 females would soon deposit for the first time their eggs. 



How many successive generations of Artemia salina retain the fac- 

 ulty to reproduce ])arthenogenetically without males remains to be ex- 

 amined. Joly made his observations with Artemiae from Southern 

 France in 1840, and supposed that these Artemiae must be either her- 

 maphroditic, or, if really males existed, that a single fertilization was 

 sufficient for many generations. 



It would be of interest to re-examine the specimens of Artemiae of the 

 localities cited in literature of the years ]840, 1755 (Schlosser), 1830 

 (Thompson), 1851 (Leydig). Very likely the result would be that par- 

 thenogenesis in Artemia often occurs. 



The examination of the ovaries and the occurrence of viviparous and 

 oviparous individuals led me to the conclusion that oviposition appears 

 in Artemia only when the egg-shell glands have so fully developed that 

 the necessary quantity of congealing matter can be recreated, as only 

 by this can the eggs obtain a solid, durable shell. Surrounded with 

 such a shell the eggs obtain the i^ower, hidden away in mud or even 

 perfectly dried up, to endure the most unfavorable external condi- 

 tions and preserve the faculty of development after long periods of 

 time. But if the development of the egg-shell glands has not been fully 

 attained the conditions for the formation of a solid and durable shell 

 are wanting. The eggs of such Artemiae then only receive a very thhi 

 egf; skin, in consequence of which the favorable influences lor the de- 

 velopment of the embryo will act ui)on the egg contents from outside, 

 thus accelerating the embrvo formation. 



C— 0]<r THE EELATIOX OF ARTEMIA SALINA MILNE-ED- 

 WARDS TO ARTEMIA xMUKHLHAUSENII MILNE-ED- 

 Yv^AKDS AND TO THE GENUS BEANOHIPUS SCHiEF- 

 FER. 



By W. J. SCHMANKKWITSCn.l 

 [Translated by Dr. 0. F. Gissler. With Plate XXXIX.] 



In the session of the Neorussian Society of Naturalist-s at Odessa, 

 held September 20, 1874, I made an addition concerning this matter to 

 the observations made in former years, and now I have again to com- 

 municate the following later results. I shall here briefly state that 

 Artemia salina jM. Edw., Joly {BrancMpus arietinus Grube var. Schman- 

 kewitsch, Artemia arietina Fischer var. Schm.), a very variable form, 

 yields not only by domestication but also in a state of nature even at a 

 gradually increased concentration of the water, a form similar to Arte- 

 mia muelilhaiisenii Milne-Edw\, Fischer, which I had occasion to observe 

 in the closed Kajalniker Salt Lake (Andreewsky-Limau) near Odessa 

 during the years 1871 to 1874, inclusive. 



In 1871, on the occasion of a great spring flood, the embankment 

 which separated the lesser saline water of the upper portion of the Ku- 

 jaluiker Lake from the more saline portion of the lower part of the same 

 lake broke, wherebj^ the water of the latter became diluted to 8° Beaume. 

 At the same time Artemia salina appeared in great numbers, jirobably 



' Zeitschrift fiir wisseuscli. Zoologic, xxv, Ites Snpplementheft, IS/o. 



