REVIEWS 283 



remainder are photographs of Alpine scenes. There are also four small 

 folded maps as follows: A. Europe during the second glacial epoch; 

 B. Europe in interglacial times; C. Europe during the third glacial 

 epoch; D. Europe during the fourth glacial epoch. The fourth glacial 

 epoch as interpreted by Geikie corresponds to only the early part of the 

 fourth or Wiirm Stage of Alpine glaciation. The fifth and sixth glacial 

 stages of Geikie's classification seem likely to be represented in America 

 by such strong readvances of the ice as the readvance to the Port Huron 

 morainic system. 



The aim of the author has been to deal with the question of the 

 antiquity of man in Europe from the geological standpoint, and he main- 

 tains that it is chiefly by following geological methods of investigation 

 that the successive stages of human culture are put on a firm and reliable 

 basis. The discussion is restricted wholly to Europe with no reference 

 to Asiatic invasions. In fact no intimation is given that the present 

 people in Europe had any other line of descent than through the 

 Paleolithic and Neolithic man. The earliest Paleolithic man is, on 

 geological grounds, estimated to have appeared somewhere between 

 250,000 and 500,000 years ago. A more precise estimate is not con- 

 sidered possible in the present state of knowledge. 



Frank Leverett 

 Ann Arbor, Michigan 



Twenty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of Mines, Ontario. 

 Vol. XXII, Part I, 1913. By Thomas W. Gibson. Pp. 284, 

 pis. 84, sketch maps 5, sheet maps 4. 



This bulletin contains ten articles and reports. It commences with 

 a review of the mining operations and production of the province during 

 the year 1912. The value of the mineral output was $48,341,612 — 15 per 

 cent greater than that of 191 1. The decreasing production of the Cobalt 

 region was compensated by a great enough rise in the price of silver to 

 show an increase in the total value produced during the year. The 

 Porcupine region added a million and three-quarters dollars' worth of 

 gold to the annual output of the province. The year showed an increase 

 in the output of both metallic and non-metallic minerals, but a much 

 greater increase in the metallic. 



The mines of Ontario are described by Mr. E. T. Corkell. He gives 

 details of mine development, treatment of the ores, and production of the 

 mines. 



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