„-.« »nd summer food for sheep 



A>1 f* **?& No. 1, for bay or pasture 

 Th. C^ye or Winter Barley, No. 3 



V«***z_, «nd Down 



IWg^in field for hay or pasture ... 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



59 



• • « 



• • • 



• •• 



• aft 



• •• 



20 acres 

 20 

 80 

 20 



13 



n 



.* tot winter keep for sheep you y 



bt» lor wm Swe( jes (No. o) 



tf^rSts and Potatoes (No. 7; 



iffJlgOld. l> nUl ' r- *?« Q lota HAW 



will have — 



• • * 



• •• 



• • • 



140 



20 acres 

 20 



f^h* second crop 01 ^ 



of No. 3, late sown Rape after 



• • • 



• •• 



• •• 



... 20 

 60 



it 



i> 



-Private the 180 acrea of this dry friable arable 



fOCtUtlW^ \ M mSmmm ^ V.«oKoTirl^v vnn Will 



:; 

 J^i^^^^^ stand *™J 



»* rtlDg L nn hnrses. at 25/. each £loC 



-*ltfvate the l«o acres ui una uijr ui«».v ~ 



j^ the alternate system of husbandry, you will 

 **?* horses to give you animal power sufficient to 

 ^hfwork y u will require. The expense of your 



Tc iiSWiBg horses 



iljJlS (Howard's) 5*. U. 

 "Srwiets of draft trees 



* A** cultivator ... 



• Z rairs of heavy iron harrows 

 9 [Jro pairs of light harrows ... 

 " two horse hoes 



£150 Os.Od. 



Mo 



rollers, at 102. and 42, 



• • * 





• • • 



• t • 



• t « 



... £9 95. 0c2. 



... 15 



... 10 10 



... 6 6 



... 5 

 ... 5 10 



... 14 



j -11 



to^ne-horse Scotch carts, at 10*. ... 

 " HI harvest carts, bodies for the same 



• •• 



• •• 



wheels, at 52. 

 fcrness for six horses, at 42. ... 



" m wheelbarrow 



• •• 



• •• 



• •• 



• • • 



■ t * 



• •• 



«* • 



• ■• 



1 • • 



• • • 



, stable furniturej 



J!arn Implements :— 

 To wianowing machine ... ••• 

 riddles, sieves, rakes, and forks 



* 1 bushel measure, 1 peck, 1 quarter .. 



* two ladders 

 00 sacks ... 



,, two hay-cloths 



Implements for StocJ: :■ 

 To two Turnip cutters 



„ a chaff-cutter 

 , a cake-bruiser ... 

 „ a Linseed and corn bruiser 

 j, 80 dozen of hurdles, at 6s. 

 9 tec feeding troughs, at 6s. 



20 



50 



25 

 24 



1 



4 





 











10 













 

 

 

 













 

 



176 



13 

 4 

 2 

 2 

 6 



16 





 

 

 

 

 









 

 

 

 



43 



• • • 



• *• 



• • • 



■ f • 



• •« 



• •• 



* • • 



■ •• 



■ • ■ 



• • a 



• •• 



8 

 6 



5 

 6 



24 

 3 





 

 

 

 

 





 

 

 

 

 



52 

 ^ £271 



In estimating the quantity of sheep you will require, 

 it will be necessary to ascertain the quantity of food 

 your fodder crops will produce. For these there will be 

 20 acres of Clover and 20 acres of Saintfoin ; these 

 40 acres may be made into hay, or part of them may be 

 pastured ; either way, there is the aftermath as pasture 

 for the sheep during the summer and autumn; Then 

 there is the 20 aieres of pasture, and 60 acres of Clover, 

 as summer and autumn food for the sheep and other 

 stock, and as winter food for your sheep you have 

 20 acres of Turnips and Swedes, and 20 acres of 

 Mangold, Carrots, and Potatoes ; and the second crop, 

 say 20 acres of Rape, after the Vetches, Rye, and 

 Winter Barley. These 60 acres of roots will, with 

 what hay or chaff you have, give you fodder enough for 

 450 sheep for seven months ; and the 60 acres of Clover, 

 w acres of pasture, and 20 acres of Vetches, Rye, and 

 Winter Barley will give you food for the sheep during 

 the five summer months, which, together with your 

 40 acres of hay, and 20 acres of Oat-straw, will enable 

 you to keep your working cattle and three cows, three 

 cakes, three year-olds, and three two-year olds. But 

 to the straw for the beasts you will have to add some 

 wlcake, say 5 tons, or Linseed and Bean-meal, and Oats. 

 *_e may estimate your sheep and beasts at — 



^ay 225 ewes and lambs, at 32s. 6d £365 12s. 6d. 



» W ewe lambs for stock, say 25s. 62 10 



» 3 rams, at 52. ... 1^ O 



••• •«• ••• «•• ••» X%J \J U 



To3cowaincalf, sayl5L 

 , Wolds, at 62. 



* Ef 8 ? 2 " year olds > a t io* 



a two breedins sows 



£443 2 6 



gsows 



• ft • 



» t a 



• •• 



• •• 



• •• 



• • • 



• • • 



£45 

 18 

 30 

 10 



103 



BarW or m ""*' »* 60 bu8hels at 6s - 

 Otto L *u -k say 40 tawhelsy at 4s. 



cKer^S r Cre8 ' *° bushels ' at 3s ' - 



cin5^.?*X T ds for 20 acres » sft y 



ft»i? W80ld ' Swede Carrots, and F 

 VetchL V-w?^ 20 acreB of Ra P e 



* fJra *r Bye, Wfoter Barlev ~ 



£546 2 6 



• • • 



• • • 



• • • 



■ • • 



» ■ • 



• • • 



£18 0s. Od. 

 8 



6 



15 



otatoes, say 



To 



Barley 

 Seed 



• • • 



8 

 8 O 





 



» t • 



• • • 



• • • 



£63 



• • • 



£91 

 315 





 





 



Jn^i ™? 8 * sa y 2 bushels per horse, weekly 

 at sty^' ° 2 we eks, or 83 quarters oi >ats, 



*»ore for to* ou 180 acre3 > at 85* per acre 



On vnn. J ***** y earl y> a t 25s. per acre ... 100 



bandry tT t nng t . here wiU be certain acts of hus- 



feaTintr «* Fi*^ ut tn ^ s w ^ 1 De allowed to you on your 

 ^ at the end of your lease. 



Working ^^ PITULAT iojr of Capital Required. 

 JpPlententft ,M * 



■ • • 



••* 



• . s 



••• 



«•* 



•■i other stock, wd Pigs 



• ft ft 



• • ft 



• ft ft 





• ft ft 



• • ft 



£150 



0s. Od. 



271 



O 



443 



2 6 



103 



O 



The yeari I a i ue of stock £9 <57 



fcedeorn x P enaes may he stated thus, say 



? 0r secorn £ 63 Os.Ori. 



^ trade 



2 6 



S.iy 



••• 



••• 



••• 



• ■ • 



•*ft 



••■ 



• •• 



••• 



- • . 



fefiV*?* ••• ... 



tki^- a Plough 



• •. 



• i 



• •• 



• •♦ 



• •• 



• •• 



• •• 



• •• 



• f* 



• •• 



■ ■ • 



• •• 



• •• 



91 











50 











>15 











.00 











£9 



0s, 



Od. 



9 











3 











8 











£619 



£29 

 £648 



The probable return from 225 southdown ewes put to 

 Cots wold rams may be 275 lambs, say 50 lambs to be 

 kept for ewes, and 



225 sold at, say 26s. each 

 50 cast off ewes, say 35s. 

 Wool, 278 fleeces at 5 lbs., 1390 lbs. at Is 



«•• 



• • • 



• • . 



• •• 



• • • • 



£292 10s. 0J. 

 87 10 

 69 10 



£149 10 



The three cows should produce 7Z. each 



Three fat 3-year olds, 232. each 



The two sows should produce 20 pigs, 50s. each 



£21 

 69 

 50 



£120 



The return from the stock 



• • • 



569 10 



40 acres in Wheat, at 28 bushels per 

 acre, 1120 bushels at 6s. per bushel 



20 acres in Barley, at 36 bushels per 

 acre, 720 bushels at 3s. 9rf. per bushel 



20 acres of Oats, at 56 bushels per acre, 

 1120 bushels at 2s. 9d. per bushel ... 



336 

 135 

 154 625 



£1194 10 



The capital required for the cultivation of your farm, 

 consisting of 260 acres, the yearly expense of cultiva- 

 tion, the interest required to keep this capital of the 

 same value, and the iuterest on the capital invested : — 



Interest and 



Capital 



To working horses ...£150 r^ 1111 '^- 



implements 271 O £421 O 



10 per cent, on this sum to keep it 



always of the same value 

 sheep, cows, and pigs 

 7i per cent, to insure the stock 



against loss 



yearly 

 expense 





33 



It 



• ft ft 



. ■ • 



£42 2 



546 2 6 



• • • 



• • • 



• • • 



40 19 



93 



. . . 



• . • 



• > . 



33 



It 



33 



Capital invested 



10 percent, interest on this capital 

 invested 



seed corn, horse corn, manual 

 labour, manure, oil-cake, or 

 Linseed 



5 per cent, on this is equal to 10 

 per cent., as it has not been out 

 for more than half a year 



tradesmen's bills 



£967 2 6 



96 14 



• • • 



• «■ 



• tt 



13 



3J 



Rent and parochial rates 

 yearly payments and interest 



• •• 



• • • 



• • • 



The return amounting to 

 Deduct the yearly payments... 



• • 



619 



29 





 



619 



30 19 

 29 









 



£1615 



2 



6 £858 14 

 236 





 





£1094 14 









1194 10 

 1094 14 





 



• •• 



• •I 



ft ft ft 



Clear profit 

 Which, together with 10 per cent, on 

 the capital invested, 9672. 2s. 6d. ... 

 And 5 per cent, on the yearly expense 

 of cultivation, being 619Z., amounts to 



These three items making together 



the amount of your income 



£99 16 

 96 14 

 30 19 



J. M. 



£227 9 



TITHE 



COMMUTATION 



AVERAGES. 



SEPTENNIAL 



SOURCES OF AMMONIA. 



[Extracted from a paper by Dr. Anderson in the Transactions 



of the Highland Society.] 



It is sufficiently well known that the manufacture of 

 gas is the source of all the ammonia, with trifling excep- 

 tions, now employed in the arts, and consequently the pro- 

 duction of that substance is limited by the extent to 

 which gas is consumed. Under these circumstances it 

 might seem at first sight that nothing remains to be 

 done, and that the quantity of ammonia cannot be in- 

 creased at will. This inference would undoubtedly be 

 correct if all the ammonia produced in the manufacture 

 of gas were worked up and converted into a market- 

 able commodity. But this is very far from being the 

 case. The ammoniacal liquor of the gas-works is com- 

 monly looked upon as a refuse, and except in large 

 towns, where the quantity produced is sufficiently large 

 to support a separate work in which the liquor is 

 purified, and converted into sulphate or other salts of 

 ammonia, it is generally allowed to run to waste. 

 What proportion is thus lost it is impossible to say, but 

 it is certainly very large, and is probably increasing. Of 

 late years a great extension has taken place in the manu- 

 facture of gas on the small scale, bo that every small 

 town, and even village, has its gas-work ; and it is in 

 these small works that the greatest waste takes place, 

 for in them it is usually considered, and perhaps, in 

 some instances, with justice, that the working up whafc 

 may be called the refuse products is not remunerative. 

 In the extremely small gas-works, where the quantity 

 is very triftiDg, this is no doubt sometimes true ; but in 

 moderately small towns it could certainly be carried out 

 with success, if taken up as a regular part of the manu- 

 facture of gas. It is somewhat remarkable that the 

 gas companies have shown an extreme indisposition to do 

 this, and, so far as I know, there is only one gas-work 

 in Britain where it is done — in that of Manchester, 

 which in many respects is an admirably conducted 

 establishment. In all other large works the gas liquor 

 is sold, generally at a very low price, to another manu- 

 facturer, by whom it is converted into marketable pro- 

 ducts. The manufactory in which these processes are 

 conducted is generally placed near a large gas-work, 

 and it is customary, when other circumstances are suit- 

 able, for the manufacturer to purchase and convey to his 

 work the produce of small gas-works in the neighbour- 

 hood. With distant works this cannot be done with 

 profit, and in these cases it generally happens that the 

 liquor is lost. The extent of this loss may be estimated 

 when it is borne in mind that coal contains in general 

 about 1.5 per cent of nitrogen, and though there is 

 always a considerable loss we may fairly assume it to 

 yield 1 per cent, of ammonia — and at this rate every 

 ton of coal w r ould yield nearly 1 cwt. of sulphate of 



ammonia. 



Now, in order to convert the ammonia into sulphate, 



all that is requisite is to add to it the necessary quantity 

 ot sulphuric acid, and to evaporate it until the fluid \\b& 

 reached a sufficient degree of concentration to yield 

 crystals, an operation which is far from troublesome, 

 and does not require any great amount of skill. The 



[ We have received a letter from Mr. Willich expla- 

 natory of the gradually decreased value of the Rent- 

 charge from 1849, notwithstanding the gradual increase 

 in the price of Wheat. The following is an extract.] 



It was enacted by the 57th clause of the Tithe Commutation 

 Act (6 and 7 Wm. IV. c. 71), that the amount of the rent-charge, 

 as awarded or agreed upon, should be divided into three portions, 



and that every tithe rent-charge should be deemed to be of the . m - - - £ , . 



value of such number of imperial bushels, and decimal parts of | question then is, whether tins process can Do profitably 



an imperial bushel, of Wheat, Barley, and Oats, as the same 

 would have purchased at the average prices for seven years 

 ending Thursday before Christmas Day 1835, in case one third 

 part of each rent-charge had been invested in the purchase of 

 Wheat, one third thereof in the purchase of Barley, and the 

 remaining one third part in the purchase of Oats. 



In conformity with the above, we find that 1002. expended in 

 Wheat, Barley, and Oats, would have purchased the followin 

 quantities at the average prices for seven years to Christmas 

 1835, as fixed in the London Gazette of Dec. 9, 1836. 



Per Imp. Bushel. Imp. Bushels. 



4 

 i 



or 

 or 

 or 



£ s. d. 



33 6 8 in Wheat at 



33 6 8 in Barley at 



33 6 8 in Oats at 



s. d. 



7 0J is equivalent to 94.955489 



3 11$ „ 168.421052 



2 9 ,. 242.424242 



£100 



It is therefore clear that the rent-charge was not a fixed money 

 payment of 1002., but only such a sum as the above quantities of 

 Wheat, Barley, and Oats are equivalent to, according to the average 

 prices for seven years to each preceding Christmas. 



The Septennial Averages as published in the London Gazette 

 may be shown to be correct by the following statement of the 

 Annual Averages. 



1848 



1849 



1S50 

 1851 



1852 



1853 



1854 



Wheat per 



Barley per 



Oats per 



Imp. Quarter. 



Imp. Quarter. 



Imp. Quarter. 



50s. 6d. 



31s. 6<*. 



20s. 6d, 



44 3 • 



27 9 



17 6 



40 3 



23 6 



16 5 



38 6 



24 9 



18 7 



40 9 



28 6 



19 1 



53 3 



33 2 



21 O 



IS 5 



36 



27 11 



7)339 It 



7)205 2 



7)141 



8)48 6 



8)29 3 



8)20 1 



6 OJ 



3 7| 



2 6 



Average per Imp. ) 



Bushel ) 



The year 1847, which in the above account is replaced by the 

 year 1854, was, inconsequence of the scarcity which then existed, 

 one of high prices, and particularly so as to Barley and Oats, viz. : 

 1847__ "Wheat, 69s. 9d. Barley, 44s. 2d. Oats, 28s. ScL 



On comparing these amounts, which are excluded from the 

 seven years, with those of 1851. which are added, it will be 

 evident that the septennial average must necessarily be less than 

 in the preceding year, although the price of Wheat was a little 

 more in 1854 than in 1847. 



We have seen that the 100/. rent-charge was from the passing 

 of the Act to be represented by a certain number of bushels of 

 Wheat. Barley, and Oats ; therefore, if we value these bushels b 

 the septennial average prices, as fixed in the London Gtutette of 

 the 5th inst.. we shall find the value of 1002. of Tithe Rent-charge 

 for the year 1855 as follows : s. d. £ s. d. 



94.955489 bush, of Wheat at 6 

 168.421* 52 ., Barley at 3 



242.424242 „ Oats at 2 



J per imp. bush. 

 6 



n 



Charles At. Willich, Actuary, University life Office. 



carried on in a gas-work ?— and of this there can be very 

 little doubt, when we consider that almost exactly three- 

 fourths of the whole weight of the sulphate of ammonia 

 consists of sulphuric acid. The price of sulphuric acid 

 varies much, but, supposing it to cost the manufacturer 

 8Z. per ton, which is greatly above the average, the 

 quantity required to produce a ton of sulphate of 

 ammonia would cost 61, and the product is at present 

 sold at from 161. to 181. per ton, thus leaving 101 to cover 

 the cost of manufacture, and to leave a price for the 

 ammoniacal liquor. The cost of manufacture will consist 

 of the wear and tear of the evaporating pans, and the 

 coal required for the evaporation ; but this latter ex- 

 pense might be in part or entirely saved, by an arrange- 

 ment for economising the waste heat from the retort 



furnaces. 



It is impossible to arrive at any correct estimate of 

 the amount of ammonia which is at present wasted, but 

 it certainly would not be an over-estimate to fix it at 

 from one-fourth to one-third of all produced. There 

 are many towns of 20,000 or 30,000 inhabitants where 

 the whole is got rid of by running it into the drains J 

 and, even in so large a town as Dublin, it is only within 

 the last two or three years that sulphate of ammonia 

 has been manufactured. Could a third be added to the 

 production, it cannot be doubted that a decided fall in 

 the price would immediately follow. 



In the preceding remarks I have referred only to the 

 means of more completely employing that portion of the 

 ammonia which is condensed in the liquor, but a large 

 quantity is also lost by passing off uncondensed in the 

 gas ; and though various methods of arresting it have 

 been proposed, these have hitherto been attended with 

 very partial success. Within the last year or two, how- 

 ever, a process has been patented, by which the purifica- 

 tion of the gas is effected in a very complete manner,, 

 and the ammonia separated is at once obtained in a 

 state in which it can be employed as a manure. I am 

 given to understand that a mixture of sulphate of iron, 

 lime, and sawdust is made, which is introduced into the 

 purifiers of the gas-works, and after having been exposed 

 as long as it continues to purify the gas sufficiently, it 

 is removed, and replaced by another quantity. The 

 product is a dark-coloured, almost black substance, 

 perfectly granular and tolerably dry, and has a strong 

 smell of gas, which at once betrays its source. 

 £89 15 8* I Several analyses of this substance, made in my 



laboratory, have shown it to contain from 7 to 8 pw 



28 15 8 

 30 14 



30 6 0j 



