





THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



7 



« k .ti B drfwr kre 1 , l iredf0ra 

 , |W g biD g ttS^te the roots 



itrfffi^fl 



The months 



when the work 



should be done. 



Days' work 



of a man 



and 



two horses. 



December 

 December 

 December 

 December 



30 

 6 

 3 

 6 



fhis cr 



momti#< 



Wheat 



No. 7 : 30 acres Clover. 



The time when the 

 work should be done 



... 



April 



-^kfrdofworkreqi 

 jkSi Clover crop 



To be rolled 

 ■fldTcop Wires tne lauuiu ux «, pro «. «««, 



iu April. g t 3Q acres in -wheat after Clover. 



Days' work of a man 

 and two horses. 



2 



^kifld of work re- | The time when the 

 "Jj^««AfWhp.ftt work should be done 



September 



September 

 September 



September j 



three 



t • 



* • t 



Days' work of a man 

 and two horses. 



g they were supplied with steamed food, of which 

 I gave a description in the Agricultural Gazette, 

 Sept. 30. On this fare their evacuations were of proper 

 consistency ; during the remainder of October they 

 were wholly housed, and were supplied with cut after- 

 math or eddish, together with three feeds of steamed 

 food per day. On this fare they were relaxed, and 

 when weighed on the 31st October the ten animals 

 which were under treatment the whole of this time 

 showed a deficiency of 59% lbs. each on the average. 

 During November their Grass was changed to 12 lbs. 

 of hay, with 30 to 40 lbs. of Cabbages each, with the 

 like allowance of steamed food. On this their evacua- 

 tions were restored to their proper consistency. It 



each, reckoned on the live weight ; yet reckoned on the 

 dead weight they are dearer by 1 J. to 11 4s. I should 

 compute the store animal of 9 cwt. live weight to weigh, 

 when fatted, 12 cwt, to attain which would require 24 

 weeks feeding, at a gain of 14 lbs. per week. The 

 12 cwt. would then be 168 live at 21 to 12, equal to 96 

 dead weight, and the value, taken also at 6d. per lb., 

 would be increased to 191. As. for 24 weeks, or at the 

 rate of Gs. per week. If the animal have undergone a 

 change of food, some little should be allowed for this. 

 I have no hesitation in saying that such a gain per week 

 on stall feeding is not more than my practice leads me 

 to calculate upon, or than I usually obtain. If I 

 assume a higher proportion for store stock, say 50 per 



will be seen on reference to the weights, Nov. 28th, that; cent, the increase at 14 lbs. per week would consist of 



TopJoughmg . 



wrrewing it 



double times 



frilling the seec 



jWowingthela 



thggeeda jonj 



This crojTrequtes 57 days' work of two horses in J 



AMract of the amount of horse labour required 



month on the whole of the arable land. 



30 



18 

 3 



6 



TB Field No. 1 



No. 2 

 No. 3 

 No. 4 

 No. 5 

 No. 6 

 No. 7 

 No. 8 



. . > 



n 



* 

 rt 

 n 

 11 

 n 

 n 



• • • 



*• ■ 



• • i 



• • • 



■ • • 



« • • 



a • * 



q 



93 



-5 





^3 



a 



M 



a 



20 10 39 



* ■ • 



15 



10 



11 



t-t 



< 





■ VI 



15 



15 



15 



2 



15 18 



27 



33 



3 



6 



-3 



i 



9 



• • • 



p 

 < 



9 



46 



p. 



02 



15 



o © 



I 



o 



45 



£ 



o 



Q 



• ■ • 



3535 65 35i44 l 42ll5 55 



57 



72 



45 

 10 10 



10 

 45 



55 55 5 & 



from the above table it appears that 363 days' labour 

 ql a pair of horses is required to be done during the 

 jctf, and the greatest amount of labour is required in 

 September, being 172 days besides the horse labour in 

 carting the harvest, which may require 26 days more, 

 kt part of this work may be spread over August 

 ud October. 



The following table will show the number of working days* 

 in which land that has been perfectly drained will be in a 

 proper working condition in each month, the working 

 hours each day, the extent of land which may be ploughed 



each day. and the acres nloiisrhed np.r month. 



fosm 



Dry working 

 days. 



Working 

 hours on 

 each day. 



\ 



8 



8 

 9 



10 

 10 

 10 

 10 

 10 

 10 

 10 

 9 

 8 



Extent 

 ploughed 

 each day. 



Acres 



ploughed 



per month. 



14 

 14 



20 

 23 

 25 

 25 

 25 

 25 

 25 

 22 

 18 

 16 



the same ten cows had not only regained the loss 

 shown when in a relaxed state, but 45 lbs. each on the 

 average, or 5£ lbs. per week on the whole eight weeks 



in addition. 



The quantity of material supplied as food and in 



progress through the system will be found to have a 

 main influence on the comparative live and dead weight 

 of cattle. If we take into consideration a full grown 

 animal in fair store condition, which has been on Grass or 

 other bulky food, and has filled itself, and treat it ^ for 

 fattening, I am of opinion that the gain in weight 

 will be wholly to useful vendible material, and that the 

 quantity of material in process through the system will 

 not increase, but when prime there will be a decrease. 

 I cannot otherwise account for the circumstance, that 

 fat cattle which yield largely of loose fat, which counts as 

 offal, weigh heavier when killed, carcase weight, than those 

 of the same live weight which have less of loose fat. The 

 capability to contain a greater quantity of this material 

 may be inferred from the circumstance that animals fed 

 to satiety weigh 60 to 80 lbs. more in an evening than 

 before their meal the following morning. I have known 

 a beast, which in contending with the cold of October, 

 had gorged itself on aftermath, on being changed to 

 feeding in stall, weigh less by more than 1 cwt., 

 evidently without loss of condition. The necessity of the 

 weighings being timed at like hours will be obvious ; 

 mine always take place in the morning before a meal. 

 I may now mention one satisfactory result attendant on 

 these monthly weighings. It enables me to compute 

 with greater accuracy the proportion of live and dead 

 weight ; for a well-fed beast I calculate on 21 to 12, or 

 100 to 57-f, and modify this according to condition, &c. 

 On four cattle sold in December at 18/. each, my pur- 

 chaser supplied me with the weights of carcase and of 

 loose fat, which I subjoin : 



f , _ carcass 



3 lbs. ,. „ 24 weeks, 9 .. of offal 



n 



n 



» 



No 

 2 

 3 



7 



8 



10 



9 



10 



10 



2 

 3 

 1 



3 





 

 

 



at 21 to 12 



• • • 



• • t 



• • • 



* ■ t 



• • . 



254 





Computed 

 weight. 



stones. 

 84 

 78 

 82 

 86 



330 



Actual 

 weight. 



st. lbs. 

 82 



79 2 

 81 

 85 1 



Loose 

 fat. 



lbs. 



88 



80 



98 



64 



Together. 



327 3 



St. 



93 



89 

 93 

 93 



lbs. 



2 

 2 



1 



14 42 



On looking over the different items of offal of a full 

 grown animal, I cannot find that they are capable of 

 increase to anything like the extent of 72 lbs. I except 

 the tallow or loose fat, with the increase of which, as I 

 have already observed, there is a concurrent increase of 



the carcase or dead weight. 



An animal of 9 cwt. in store condition may probably 

 contain 30 to 40 lbs. of loose fat ; after 24 weeks of 

 feeding, I should calculate on a yield of 100 to 112 lbs., 

 being an increase of 3 lbs. per week, which will be in 

 addition to the gain of meat or carcase weight ; if then 

 there be a gain in weight of 14 lbs. per week, there will 

 be an additional gain in loose fat of 3 lbs. per week, 

 making together 17 lbs. per week of vendible material 

 It will be observed that the proportion of live to dead 

 weight, whether this be 100 to 50, or 100 to 43, does 

 not affect the money gained per week. If I purchase 

 an animal of 9 cwt. for 1 21., and after 24 weeks feeding 

 sell it for 191 As., the return for food will be at the rate 



of 6s. per week. 



These calculations are applicable to full grown 

 animals, which have had their fill of bulky food, but 

 not to young growing stock, or to such as have been 

 hungered or driven to a distance. This will appear 

 from the following observations, on 12 heifers 2^-years 

 old, which I bought at a Easter fair in 1854 ; they 

 had been brought thither from a distance of from 20 to 

 30 miles, and travelled nearly alike distance home, being 

 on the way but scantily supplied with hay. Their weight 

 on arrival was 6£ cwt. each on the average ; as they were 

 intended for grazing in a pasture at some distance from 

 the homestead, they were kept in stall till the 16th of 

 May, on hay only with water, when their weight was 

 found to average 7 cwt. 1 qr. 4 lbs., or 88 lbs. each 

 more than on arrival. It will be clear that this gain of 

 weight was almost wholly due to the process of filling, 

 and with little or no addition to the carcase weight. T. 



( To he continued.) 



. j*' * ta kWe we find~there are 216 dry working days 

 a we year, and that a man and two horses can in that 



one 



, ° — lCD XJk "*"u, aiiu we nave luuuu mat 



»* greatest number of days' work required under this 

 yjwa of cultivation is in 72 days of a pair of horses in 

 aeftembep ; and as there are but 20 working days 



L!2 moIlth, We sha11 re q uire a t least H P airs of 



™^ so as to have a sufficient horse power to meet all 

 Instances of the weather. We therefore propose to 

 be xl S !r en 7 0r ^^ n 8 horses, besides a horse which may 



wanted * f t v ® S> and work in the cart or P lou S h when 



h 



STATISTICS OF CATTLE FEEDING. 



Sent S^ r f mar k s on feeding {Agricultural Gazette, 

 anduJ .4. 0cfc - 7 )> l adverted to the effect of costive 



It will be observed that the computed weight differs 

 only from the actual weight, 21 lbs. on the whole four. 

 Now, though I do not in every instance pretend to a 

 like accuracy, yet I think it improbable that I err to the 

 extent of 5 per cent. ; indeed, I have no hesitation in 

 ensuring a respectable purchaser against any such 



deviation. 



Nos. 7 and 8 differ 5G lbs. in live weight, 33 lbs. in 

 carcass or dead weight, and only a single pound in 

 vendible material, carcase and loose fat together. The 

 two animals being very similar in thickness of hide, and 

 strength of bone, the only mode of explaining the difference 

 in the live weight and vendible material appears to be 

 by supposing that the riper beast, No. 7, contained with 

 more of fat, less of waste offal, or material in process 

 through the system, or that with the increase of internal 

 fat, there occurs a displacement of this material. 



I now proceed to explain my views on a subject of 

 importance to feeders — the 

 stock to that of fat. 



Home Correspondence. 



Steam Cultivation.— I h&ve just read the observations 

 of your correspondent * A Farmer in Embryo," on the 

 subject of steam cultivation. I wish your correspondent 

 to refer to the articles on steam cultivation in Nos. 5 and 

 38 of the Agricultural Gazette for 1850. He will there 

 see how lucidly and logically Mr. Hoskyns has defined 

 the "Method of the Horse," the "Method of the 

 Machine," and the " Method of the Man" in executing 

 work. His explanations, illustrations, and deductions 

 are indisputable ; he demonstrates as clearly as possible 

 that the * Method of the Horse" is to go " right ahead ;" 

 but that the €t Method of the Machine" is to go * right 

 round ! " After this clear and faithful explanation of how 

 the different powers operate, if your correspondent reads 

 on, he will observe Mr. H. proceeds to make or fabricate 

 a very good and available species of mechanism for the 

 purpose of tilling the land by steam-power ; but how 

 does he then describe this machine as used on the land ? 

 Your correspondent at this, the critical point, will 



is, even in such a 



discern how strong the * Old Adam 

 man as Mr. Hoskyns — for he proposes (in direct 

 In order to assure your readers antagonism to his own deduction) that his steam 



^ Wtle hav 

 me *t and of 1 

 ^ch cows, 

 Amplified • 



undergone 



Live Weight. 



n 



■ 



No. i 

 J 



r 



J" 



" 



S 



!'•• 



» 8.. 



» 9 



12.. 



n 13, 



u li, 







» h 



October 3. 



^•qr.lb. 

 Changed 



10 2 

 12 2 



Changed 

 Ditto 



October 31 



ewt.qr.lb. 





, 



'•«.. 



••«., 



10 

 11 



10 

 11 





 2 







1 

 16 



9 

 10 

 11 



8 



1 





 3 



1 





 

 

 



8 10 



Changed 

 Changed 

 10 l o 



9 2 

 9 3 14 



D 



9 



U 

 8 

 10 

 10 

 9 

 8 

 9 

 8 

 9 



2 

 1 

 2 

 1 

 3 





 

 











Weight 

 less. 



Nov. 28. 



lbs. 



• • a 



56 



84 





3 20 



1 



2 



3 

 1 



56 

 28 

 56 



78 



ewt.qr.lb. 



10 1 20 



11 1 

 13 



8 2 20 



Newly 



calved 



10 1 20 



Weight 

 more in 

 8 weeks. 





84 



84 

 70 



12 



9 



10 



11 



9 



8 

 10 



9 

 10 





 2 

 8 20 



2 



3 

 3 20 



1 



2 

 20 



lbs. 



84 

 56 



• • • 



tCjgi summer and up to the first 



48 

 56 



56 



76 



40 



• • * 



• • • 



34 



durin 



week in October, 

 ear pasture during 

 Each morning and 



of my competency on this subject I may state that I 

 make my own bargains both as buyer and seller ; and 

 As I tnat > on m y Purchases arriving at home from market 

 or fair, I attend to the weighings, to ascertain their 

 comparative cost. On looking over my purchases for 

 some time, I find that on comparing the live weights 

 of lean or store cattle which have had one or two 

 calves — a description which I find answer my purpose 

 best for stall feeding — their cost averages less by 21. 

 to 3?. each than that of fattened animals of the same 

 live weight. On comparing the estimate of carcase or 

 dead weight of the two, the result is different. Take 

 for example a beast of 9 cwt. when fat ; I should 

 compute her weight as 21 live to 12 dead weight. The 

 opportunities of ascertaining the comparison of live and 

 dead weight of lean stock are by no means so frequent 

 as of fat. The scale of weights in * Morton's Cyclo- 

 pedia " give those of half fat at 100 live to 50 dead 

 weight : it has come within my own observation that 

 partly fed animals have yielded less than one-half of 

 their live weight. I am therefore disposed to estimate 

 the relative weights of store stock in the condition in 

 which I usually buy them, as 100 to 43 or 46. 



Live Weight. 

 cwt. stones stones £ s. 



A fat beast of 9 or 126, at 21 to 12, — 72, 4i. ... 14 8 

 A lean „ of 9 or 12*;, at 100 to 43, m 54, 4s. ... 10 16 



Now, when beef is at Gd. per lb., I should expect to 

 purchase a beast of 9 cwt. live weight for 12/. It will 

 thus annear that store stock are cheaper by 21. to 3/. 



o 







cultivator should be dragged " right ahead," just after 

 the method or manner of the horse~cum-plough, cutting 

 up a ribbon of earth of definite width, but probably half 

 a mile or more in length. Now what can Mr. Hoskyns 

 have to urge in defence of his using a steam machine 

 precisely after the method of a horse with the plough ! 

 Set a man to dig a rod of land, and who ever saw him 

 take that quantity out in a ribbon of earth 1 spit wide 

 and 00 yards in length, by going "right ahead," after 

 the manner of the horse ? No, you will generally find 

 the individual standing stock-still nearly in one spot, 

 until he has dug a rod of land. Why does the man 

 behave in so non-agricultural a manner! What 

 induces him to move his heavy carcase about so little in 

 executing a given amount of work ? I will not enter 

 into the discussion now ; but I should like to know how 

 it happens that Mr. Hoskyns has proposed to use a 

 steam cultivator precisely after the method of the 

 plough. C. Burcham, 4, Seymour Street, Euston Square. 

 [Does not the man in digging to and fro orev&plo 

 move just about as much as if he dug from one end of 

 the field to the other along the edge of a furrow ?] 



Law Expenses. — Mr. Jno. Ay,of Winscombe, complaun 

 that a purchase he has lately made of land at the price 

 of 410/. has cost him in law expenses 74/. Now, no 

 one can judge between him and his solicitor, who, 

 although not named, must be known to those acquainted 

 with the locality and with Mr. Ay, which I am not, ani 



I submit that in iustice to the solicitor Mr. Ay should 



