100 



JIIK O A R D B N E BSVCHBONICLB. 



below 





,„. M m^m °< *• **»_!-K™? 'to tilt 



Ikckwlum it b -i' 1 <° '"" '"° k !J i* .1 



N.SU»hAai It wm it wro ,---—-— "" „■„„„«»« .— - 



q» k-1 rt » ami At Walton on Thamee to 11 below , Auer ^ U """"J flfrr ;mlture has made since 



a! ^^S^tlnB only 2 above, although it did stride, which the rt±TT^*** f or its ad- 



3° above at n p.m. 

 at Claremont it fell to 



following summary will, bow«J^ 

 public some idea of the views of those who 



P Mt°er er remindi n g the Society of the wonderful 



£t .ink h2er than 9- above at Arundel, 18' above 

 st Bicton, and 15 # above in the Isle of W ight. 



It i* soperflaoM to show how disastrous were the 



«ff*U of that frost where it WM felt in its greVe«t 



ntenaity. It is sufficient to say that the kitchen 



nrfcns round London were left without vegetables, 



Sat the Kurie all died above ground, that the > me 



veral vineries, an 



for forcing, 



carefully 





eral establishment of societies 



the 



effect 



v, killed in ■ 



plants in pots, prepared 



flower buds except where they were 



the 



What we shall find to be the effects of 



P «■! fart it k wm&m to conjecture; the reality 



will be apparent soon enough. In the meanwhile 

 our reader* may be interested in the following little 

 fret*, which are already ascertained. 



In the glass wall in the garden of the Horticul- 

 tural Society, the alight protection afforded by the 

 gi**i and iron caui<*-( a considerable diminution of 

 cold; that on th * ni«hl of the 10th when the exter- 

 nal thermometer fell to 1 # , that in the inside of the 

 wall wan not below 1 ; and on the night of th 1 3th, 

 the thermometer outside marking 0°, that within the 

 wall marked 13*. Such a difference was probably 

 at?,- >tttabU? in great measure to the stillness of the 

 at sphere. It was sufficient to preserve the 

 folUMan the flowers of Chinese Primulas, as well 

 an t'ifluUmon lanceolatus, \ 'nirnwn suspension, 

 Eluxtrdsia tkihmsi* % %\A similar half-hardy plants. 



The effect of snow, even in small quantities, as a 

 protecting material, was strikingly shown on the 

 ni^ht of the iOih. While the exposed thermometer 



•to* at l u , another close by, covered by two inches 

 of loose snow, was not lower than 20°, owing to the 

 extremely bid conducting power of that substance. 

 {fence arises the probability that in bad snowy 

 climates, or, in even bitter climates, half-hardy 

 bushes might be preserved by piling snow around 



and over a framework made to guard them. A dif- 

 ference of 19° in such a case as that now mentioned, 

 with a guard of only 2 inches of snow, is, we 

 believe, a fact quite unexpected. 



From what is already known concerning the im- 

 portant inflaence of ground temperature on vegeta- 

 t a, it is prob.hU that the effects of frost will 

 always be found mitigated when that is high, and 

 Mgravafed when it is low. We know how little 

 plants suffer in the United States under that load of 



culture from the operation of the same cause, 



President proceeded to the following 



"Should the art of arboriculture be discussed in as 



skilful a manner as these two sister arts ; if the 

 dms- that adheres to t shall be as completes 



nsEQ Sfes SMsMre sift 



«m*. lost the, £^^ 



we have no reason to fear that a similar result will 

 not follow in regard to forestry. In looking forward 



the results of this association, I cannot 



they meet with the assistance of those who 

 most benefited by their knowledge I ^ areto W 

 landed interest of the country. Such 

 will, I believe, in due time be given. 



mean the 

 assist** 







therefore, to -- . , 



but express my conviction that a new era is about 

 to open on our business ; and that the time is not 

 distant, when not only foresters, but all the landed 

 proprietors of the country, will attach themselves to 

 an association on which their interests may so much 



depend. 



" Arboriculture is, however, a more difficult sub- 

 ject than farming or gardening, inasmuch as a 

 greater length of time is necessary to develope im- 

 provements, and conduct them to a profitable issue. 

 And this is no doubt the reason that the cultivation 



much 



been 

 results. 



of trees on sound principles has been so 

 neglected, so that their culture as a crop has 

 attended with unsatisfactory pecuniary 

 Instances, however, are not wanting in which this 

 branch of rural economy has been conducted on 

 sound principles, and then it has invariably been 

 found to be productive of profit to the proprietor — 

 both directly by the proceeds of its produce, and 

 indirectly by the shelter of trees enhancing the 

 value of the arable land. Such examples, many of 

 which I could point out, justify the expectation that 

 were all plantations treated well, similar results 

 would follow. But although many instances of 

 well-managed plantations can be indicated, still I 

 believe that every intelligent forester will agree 

 with me that this happy condition of things is of 

 limited extent ; and that at least two-thirds of the 



plantations in Great Britain are at the present time 

 so dealt with that their condition is hopeless, 

 whether as a profitable or ornamental crop. This 

 assertion may to some appear overstrained, but it 

 arises out of my own experience in surveying woods 

 in all parts of the country during the last 10 years. 



"In England I have seen Oak plantations of 



enow which prevents the escape of heat from the nearly 30 years standing, with the trees in them 

 •oil. To what extent the small amount of warmth only from 4 to 5 feet apart, not the slightest atten- 

 fcelonging to the earth of this country really protects tion having been paid to thinning ; of course, the 



egetation is a point to be ascertained : that", low as 

 it is, it tffoTds some protection M unquestionable. 

 Perhaps the next few weeks may throw a gleam of 

 light upon this matter. As a guide to those who 

 h e the means of investigating the subject, we may 

 •tate that the folio v ig are the thermometrical 

 Acts which bear upon it. 



In 1838 the thermometer at Chiswick fell to 





crop consisted of mere poles. I do not know how 



profitable 

 ment. 



results should follow 



such manage- 

 In Scotland, too, I have found the same 

 state of things 



•plantations unthinned for 35 years, 



the trees 4 feet apart on the average, and consequently 



so slender that to improve them was hopeless. 

 o~i. ples are ^ j think ^ sufficient to show that 



+4° on one occasion, and a few days after to —4 V. 

 The lowest ground temperature was found to be 

 3.T at 1 foot below the surface, and 35° at 2 feet. 



This week the thermometer at Chiswick fell to 1° 

 en one occasion, and a few davs afterwards to 0°. 

 The lowest ground temperature has been ascertained 

 to have been 36° at 1 foot below the surface, and 

 3.f ° at 2 feet. We have therefore had an excess of 

 om 2° to2f of temperature in the ground, and of 



iT a ? $ m , the atmo *P here ! to which has to be 

 added all the advantage of the long dryness and 



previow coldness of the present season. Theoreti- 

 ciUy,.uch differences ought to have a sensible 

 effect in protecting plants ; whether they reallv will 

 have we shall know hereafter. J 



An Arborictjltural Society has been formed 

 Scotland, with Mr. Brown, lately the victim of 

 ireasurv intrigue, but now Wood Commissioner to 



^ 2? °' SlAmtD ' for itg Pr «ident, and some 

 *!;♦** m0it ex P erien <*<! foresters on its com- 

 mitt^, among whom we may mention the 



M'CwiSTK' * C T AN ' ***** Gardner, 



ever some LniiJI * ? hls shows that what- 



mm for improved, Tpo° n °>™ n * **» « 

 management which has beeh A\J\L a the lt b " !1,ant 



in 



names 



to say that the 



sac ksl? 5ts? rtr * s °°- 



r»Tnpmhor K, Q «„^> ' ,IUU '" Ion? as Wp 



g as we 



remember his name. 



We regret that the limited space at onr , 

 Ituders anything l lke a report TibZSST** 



Such 



there is great room for improvement in arboriculture, 

 both in England and Scotland, and that it is for this 

 desirable object that we have formed the Arboricul- 

 tural Society, through which we hope to embody 

 the experience of practical men, and to disseminate 

 sound views on the subject." 



b After dwelling at considerable length upon the 



indispensable qualifications of a forester, Mr. Brown 

 added : — 



Practical men in all branches of rural economy 

 have been more disposed to follow the guidance of 

 their own experience than to accept the light of 

 science ; hence the comparatively slow progress till 

 very recently, made in farming and gardening. 

 I he same remark applies to forestry. Hitherto 

 foresters have been content to act by the uncertain 

 light of their own experience. But now the appli- 

 cation of science to those branches of cultivation 

 taking firm hold on the minds of all improving an 

 enlightened men, and exerting its influences accord- 

 ingly. If the great progress these arts have recently 

 undergone is to be ascribed almost wholly to the 

 example and inflaence of a few who, in advance of 

 their fellows, have seen the importance of the aid of 

 ^ience and availed themselves of its resources, may 

 we not hope that a similar result will ensue in the 



able to testify that within the last few years I have 

 met with many highly intelligent and^er Lnc d 

 foresters, several of whom are already mLbers of 

 this Society, who have availed themselves of the a M 

 of science, and who are therefore an ornament to the 

 profession. I am also happy to add that great 

 exertion is being made by ~ g 



acquire knowledge, and I ' 



our object must be to show that the Society iT^ 

 of advantage to proprietors generally ; this * j! 

 they will not hesitate to give their cordial r ^ 

 ration." C(H ^ 



Mr. Brown concluded by pointing out at Wiv 

 what he conceived to be the practical objecUk 

 which the Society should more especially dJI 

 attention. ^ 



The address of the President was succeeded h 

 communication from Mr. Thomson, the Denotr* 

 Surveyor in Chopwell Woods : — " The busiiJS* 

 he observed, " which we more immediately profeL 

 has been so allowed to slumber as to seem astf 

 upon its death-bed ; and unless a feeling \*2 

 recently been awakened in its behalf, it is^oW 

 feared that it might, sooner or later, have altogeth* 

 slipped out of the catalogue of rural sciences. I 

 say that a warm feeling has lately been enkindled 

 in its favour ; and if the feeling of inquiry which 

 has lately been enkindled into the condition and 

 capabilities of the w r oods and forests of Grid 

 Britain is judiciously strengthened, there is little 

 doubt but a renovation of the entire system may b 

 the result. Dictation on the part of this Society mul 

 however, be carefully guarded against ; but if the 

 members of this Society bring themselves fully to 

 understand the nature and responsibility of their 

 self-imposed duties, there is no room for doubti» 

 that they will ultimately accomplish a greater oc 

 less amount of good. To a few foresters only am 

 the principles upon which their art is founded 

 known, and though you may find an active and i: 

 telligent brother here and there, it will be found in 

 many cases, that those to whom is entrusted the 

 rearing and management of our plantation*, are 

 destitute of the knowledge of the very elements of 

 their profession. Indeed, we have frequently seen 

 men, who, from age or accident, had become in- 

 capacitated for the performance of the ordinary 

 duties of humble life, placed in charge of a district 

 of woodland. It is needless to suggest how in- 

 profitable such an arrangement must be. 



"It should not be forgotten that forestry is a scienc 



and, when intelligently practised, has to be studied as 

 such, and that professional as well as general qualifi- 

 cations are necessary to its successful developmer. 

 Foresters should therefore study accordingly. They 

 should make themselves acquainted with the nature. 

 history, habits, and peculiarities of all the plan 

 with which they have ordinarily to deal ; the different 

 kinds, qualities, and capabilities of soil; the source? 

 and effects of disease ; the nature of climate, atmo- 

 spheric influences, and other important particulars; 

 so that, understanding their profession theoretically 

 and practically in all its branches, it maybecomei 

 fixed system, and cease to remain, as heretofore, i 

 tissue of ill-wrought experiments. 



" I maintain, then, that every young man 

 wishes to become a forester should serve an apprec- 



fb 



ticeship on an estate where the several department* 

 of forest labour are extensively prosecuted, 



included ; he 



the 

 should 



is 

 d 



management of a nursery — , . 



afterwards endeavour to find employment lor a i 

 years (as he readily will) on other well conduce 

 properties, staving about 12 months at eacn, 

 changing the scene of his operations as niucn 

 possible ; and when this is done, he will tad* 

 self better able to undertake with confiWJ 

 the superintendence of the woodlands ion a 5 

 estate, than if he had remained for halt a iij . 

 in any single locality, imbibing only the traan 



of his grandfathers." , . i^. t> 4 



This promises well. The advice given uy 



speakers is sound and should be ^ oll ?^ c °: dlaB * 

 is done we may hope to see our EngUsn ^ 



everywhere brought by degrees into a m 



If that is not done, and men con 



to look to the Royal Forests as e™™^^** 

 only sav that thev must not expect elt ^ st P c0 ntente* 



perous state. 

 o look 

 nly say 



we c* 



profit from their property 

 with being Dicturesque. 



VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.-No. IJ* 



267. Apostaxis. 



Constitutional and 



Org**' 

 often * 



1. Bleeding— The flow of sap in the W^la*^ 

 energetic as to try the resisting powers ^ 



iner tissue in the absence ot a # &ui y der &> 



ng tissue in tiie ausenw *>* - — jj n( i 

 compensating force of evaporation. ^ ^ 

 circumstances it either causes lesions oi_ _ nto) 





T av^s itseK of ^ 



young foresters to 



♦b"t I h f ' ^ ee * Warrante d in saying 



Proceeding* at | ca ?ry 00^" a^em ^thMllJJ ° f ^f 9 t0 off « _lS - pS*S in consequence 01- ^ p 



/ .cneme ot this Society, provided only demands of larger branches, which have 



more or less consequence, 



already present. In the Vine, _ -«_» H .»-. -j 

 other trees which are subject to hleeau Jj. ^^^ 

 from whence the fluid issues be car • ^^ )D w 

 there will generally appear some n» w bicl> 



wood and bark, or some ^\±^w"L 

 frequently referable to a shoot wOic» ^ w0te urgj 







