I I 



llll.] AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 





leV in ** •«*••* P art * W ** 6 / . l> 



BH v >»! fc b* a v.-ry hungry Mflt lfct*y 

 *u.ri (it it b fh# WtM ' S^ex), and at 5* 



there is oised with lh« * !?«•*•* 'i^My of ««»J in g 



timber, there l»i«g qni"> * ' a y* r filled Wlth U ' 

 though ;. quantity if earth had been at »"»• I 



washed on /en orrr a younj? form 



wry snail, the Jaiveet being about as large as a man 



thTSai ,.rs of Archangel, Revel/and Riga, that those 

 harbour, were likewise bar-harbonrs, with not a 



that of Tarapico, namely, 



as 



wood 



were likewise 

 greater depth of Vftttr than 

 9 feet ; an 1 that larg< 



were constantly loaded 



there outride by the aid of lighters drawn out by 



The President having summoned the 



dam 



land 



and 



bad 



than 



assi 



ages an** also to recover im medial t^TtF 1 

 . But as the present remedies at law * n «Ti: 



it\^.. a *„ _. R re too m^_ ■ 



and Nitrate Supply to 



arm. Vpoo digjog to the depth of 6 feet } i come 



>f ^rarel exactly resernM 

 in the district. Upon reach 

 the water rises Tery fast, 



ithtu 3 inches 



b o tlma of t he brool 

 —but not till thei 



the course of six hours the hole, 6 feet acra 

 an«f 3 at bottom, was full up to 

 of the top of the ground ; where the ground rises in the 

 laid, Ihi belts upon being sunk deeper in proportion to 

 the rise, there appears the same bed of gravel and the 

 same snbsoil a* before, no water being seen until the 

 gravel if i hed : in a hole 8 feet deep the water did not 

 •e so fast, but yet the hole was soon filled. Now what I 

 wish ro V i in, whether drains \ feet deep and 1 ft 

 apart, will be likely to eject a complete draining of such 

 laud 'be upper sod is a stiff loam); if not would it be of 

 an/ use to havi? an upright drain from the bed of gravel 

 Mentioned, to communicate with the 2 J feet drains. 

 rwee a shaft sunk In every third drain in the lowest 

 part of the field throughout, would the water from the 

 cravrl bed rise up. these shafts (and ho pass off in the 

 drains) a* it doc* in the boh* Will not the land be 

 wet til this bed of water is removed 1 I have had no 

 means of testing the nee of the drainir done, as it was 

 only flnift! I just before this frost set in. I shall feel 

 very much obliged fi»r any information with which you 

 or our eo n 'snp o nrhnta would fivour rue upon this 



wnest *. / f You soy that a maximum of 3D in. 



a nenssott. laid Bj ou. Then you must make 



the heat of your esse at that depth* The policy of letting 



Off the wat**r from low depends upon the character of 

 the « r. Units I he a r markably stiff clay we bhoold 



be inc lin e d to bore to the gravel, and connect the bore 

 with one of the drains. 1 



■-•-MB. 



cirtics 



ROYAL AGRIC1 RAL OF ENGLAND. 



WKKKt.r louacn, Ftb. 21. — Mr. Miles, M.P , 

 Preside* t, in the chair. 



Oil poo Muhi.iert.— Mr. Drotherton, of Wands- 

 worth, ealled the attention of the Council to the economv 

 end value of Rape oil, as a substitute for Otire oil, for 



the purpose of lubricating the moveable parts of 

 ■•chiaory ; and to the consequent importance of the 

 onltivatioo ol Rape In this country as an ai'm-ultoml 

 «arop,— Pror. Way inspected that the sulphur ntained 

 in the seeds of that plant might have mi injurious effect 

 on the metallic surfaces under friction to which the oil 

 was applied.— JDr. Calvert bo-1 understood that some 

 of the amni 



far the -urpose stated by Mr. Brotherton. — Colonel 

 Cfcalloner referred to the freezing | icess prnetioed 

 by the (Jeneva watchmakers, by which the solid 

 and impure matters of vegetable oil were separated 

 worn the pure oil which resisted the effect of cold 

 oven at very low temperatures, and which was accord 

 "IPy highly valued y them for the delicate purposes of 

 tfcsir watch machinery.— Prof. Way referred to the 

 •eparation of paraffine in the 'distillation of coal-tar, and 

 to the separation of solid stearine from vegetable oils, 

 Md the ihin oily matter left behind in a liquid state! 

 Ihngr-ot object was to obtain a pure oil least subpet 

 to oxidation by frietioo.-Mr. Girdwood thought that 

 Hie dtterence in price between Rape-oil and 8; rm-oil 

 was so great that any succesoful substitution of the 

 former for the latter was well worth attention 



Maldon, transmuted o tabulated statement of their ex- 

 P«i«,ee rn the sowing of U heat and other grain, with 

 the following concluei. a deduced by themselves :- 



W* are fully pmuaded, from repeated expeiiir. t* that th« 



tbItth-«^ 1 /^l* p * rt ^ uarp - fr "» Pl»nt to plant • and 

 that ihs siirmt end best plan to .fleet that object U by aowSr 

 it earlj. nnd trannplontlBir it in *«t„m« » J w PT sowing 



Nrnumn 



M 



Berl 



steam -tugs. 



special commivicc «» ««-- ~ — -- - •• ,*. 



nU on the dsy of the next Monthly Conned, that 

 question and others connected with the subject generally 

 had been referred to that committee for consideration. 

 —The President gave notice, that at the next meeting, 

 Mr. Jonathan Gray's model of a great improvement in 

 the construction of shedding (on the span-tension and 

 tent principle), both for implements and cattle, would be 

 exh-bited to the members.— Mr. Scott, of 5, Charing 

 Cross, transmitted information on Fowler's Steam- 

 dra ng Plough, with a statement that the present 

 weather had not been found in the slightest degree to 

 interrupt the operation of that plough.— The Bavarian 

 Agricultural Society transmitted an account of their 

 latest proceedings.— Mr. Cox, of 68, New Bond Street, 

 presented a copy of his "Landlords' and Tenants' 



Guide." 

 Adjourned to Wednesday, Feb. 28th, at 12 o'clock. 



. _ - 



Farmers' Clubs. 



Botley and South Hants. — On Agricultural Leases. 

 — Mr. Gale, County Court Judge, delivered an address 

 on this subject at the meeting of this Club recently, 

 Iroui which we make the following extracts : — 



"It has, indeed, been said that there are many instances in 

 whi<*h, for one or more centuries, the same family have tilled par- 

 ticular land, without a lease ; but, I believe, the answer has been 

 tr given, that those instances often present examples of as 

 had farming as any to be found in England. Supposing, however, 

 that ths lo^h character of I landlord may be a sufficient security 

 that he will deal fairly by his tenants, who can guarantee the 

 latter against the conduct of the successor to "the estate, who may 

 be s grinding man, or, from his extravagance or other causes, 

 may think per to soil it ? I could advance, were it necessary, 

 instances ot the troth of this : but I think I may assume tnat no 

 man in his senses would invest his capital in the land of another 

 without the protection of a lease. There is a matter bearing on 



ail Bti -ct which I desire to allude to, only to prevent any mis- 

 conception of our views upon it. I mean Tenant-right. As it is 

 demands! in Ireland, I understand it to mean a right to 

 call upon a landlord, at the expiration of a tenancy, for 

 compensation to the tenant for such improvements as he 

 may have made upm the land, the effect of which is wholly 

 or partially exhausted. This is sought for, not by a provision 

 Introduced in the demise, by the consent of both parties, to which 

 it is obvious there could be no objection, but by the forcible in- 

 terference of the legislature altering the effect of the contract 

 they have entered into. I hope I express the general sense of 

 the farmers of Kngland in utterly repudiating such a doctrine, 

 which tends manifestly to the subversion of the rights of pro- 

 perty. If the legislature were to do this, it would be impossible 

 to say where it would stop. Many Utopians might, with just as 

 much reason, urge that it should fix the price of labour, or of 

 bread, or of the course of cultivation, or, in fact, anything which 

 benevolent hut ii reflective persons might think would conduce to 

 the general good. If a proprietor wished to sell his land, no one 

 would contend that the legislature should dictate the terms of 

 sale, any more than if he had a load of Wheat to sell ; and, if so, 

 with what colour of justice can it fix the conditions on which he 

 should let th pos ssion and use of it to a tenant, which is in 

 fast nothing moi than selling to the tenant a partial interest in 

 the land. The objects to be sought for in a lease are, security 

 V landlord and freedom of action to the tenant. 

 The landlord seeks to secure himself by prescribing in the lease 



»e course of cultivation to be followed either in express terms 

 or by compelling the tenant to follow the custom of the country' 

 either by express allusion to it, or by calling in aid the law 

 which commonly binds the tenant to observe it, on points upon 

 which the lease is silent. I have the authority of a practical 

 man ot very large experience, Mr. Robert Stares, of Droxford, for 

 saying that numerous existing leases prescribe a course of culti- 

 vation which is simply absurd. £y a tacit consent these are 

 commonly disregarded, and the consequence is that the tenant 

 would be better off without a lease at all, as such a lease puts 

 him at all times at the mercy of the landlord, and indeed is of no 

 me but fo put a fee into an attorney's pocket for copying unon 

 stamped paper, or parchment, a senseless document originallv 

 prepared in the dark ages of agriculture. Usually a lease con- 

 tains a clause of forfeiture for breach of covenant. ' The landlord 

 in such case might bring an action to recover damages for the ' 

 breach of covenant, and also an action of ejectment to recover 



aXr™ £ t h6 lamL *- The feRf 0f the ^sequences o7 Tuch 



ItnS I * V ? an i5 eCt UP °" ft e° od and respectable tenant, 

 and induce him to observe the terms of the lease; but it is 



the case of the dishonest tenant that we have princioallv to 



by the firm hand of the law. The landlord commences his actons ■ 



he damages and costs ruin the defendant, and he usually p^vs 



th,m by passing through the Insolvent Court. This is so welt 



I not sufficiently expeditious to prevent th ***** 

 I fanning, a cheaper and prompter tribunal Jl ?**** 

 n the Courts at Westminster, with their spr nZ*J**i 

 lzes, can give. I am afraid the only tribunal in M "~ 

 can be appealed to is the County Court. It cannr?^ 

 that the judges of these courts should be practical! 

 with agriculture; they should be, therefore at hlwL ** 

 assistance of some practical man, who mi'gtit aid Ith 



judges of fk^Tr**! 



t*£ 



Courts. 



It should be the duty of such "pracHcM* 



*M 



with the judge when hearing the evidence, and also hJ^.M 

 over the land in question. The court should have ^ ^ *5 

 damages and immediate possession. It should a\SI* erto «»ei 



ave power- 

 assessing the damages to" take into consideration a nr*M?i P ^ l| i 



la 



fertile condition. The tenant should be bound dnrinJ »w. r- 

 year, or perhaps two, of his lease to leave the land i n ^? 

 crops, ex. gr. in the four course, otherwise, in case the W* 

 not renewed, the successor would be in a diffiniltv I \tH ** 

 obiected that the nowers nronosed to h* tri™™ wm ,ij , . ■•Fit 



peditious. With regard to the power of giving n 22£' 

 though it may appear dangerous that the landlord shouldk* 

 right to it, for the breach of a covenant which cannot rifts! 

 required freedom to a tenant without being vague in its waff 

 think a good tenant would have nothing to fear and I mil 



iiuiiK. ti imeiy mm iii« tauuiura wouia or could Salely diftMte 



with such a protection if he abstained from all dictation utia* 

 course of cropping. To remove every objection on this scon, | 

 might be required that in order to give the plenary jnrSJ^ 

 suggested, it should be necessary that the lease should contain 

 provision by which both parties should agree to submit to it" 



A Diary for the Poultry-yard, Dairy and Piggery, k 

 1855. By an Essex Amateur. Essex Gazette of&t 

 Colchester. 



This seems just the thing for which we are often asbd' 

 It contains a calendar in which to enter when fowlsiad 

 pigs and cows should bring forth ; pages for recwdk 

 the eggs laid and sold ; and corresponding diaries f<* 

 the other items of poultry *nd of dairy produce. 

 seems to present the complete and useful diary wbieki 

 professes to be, and which numbers now-a-dajs ire 

 asking for. 



Hints on Fishing and Shooting, by C. Idle, £*}., 



Longmans. 

 Horses and Hounds, by Scrutator. Routledge. 



These volumes contain full and detailed instructing 

 illustrations, and general and particular disquisitions « 

 their respective subjects. Mr. Idle seems to be tt 

 agreeable and sociable companion, as intelligent nxi 

 of his name generally are: and " Scrutator " is as M 

 of anecdote in reference to his subject as any Vetera 

 in another field when discussing his feats in the past 



* V w. . w ~.,. ^.v.vw ^ r ~. ~ ions oftheRojfi 



Society for the Promotion and Improvement of it 

 Growth of Flax in Ireland* Belfast. 

 We refer to this pamphlet containing the history for At 

 year of a most useful Society, merely for the purpoii 

 of extracting from it the account by Mr. Andrews, oj 

 Comber, of the cultivation of a small farm which he W 

 cultivated as a model for landholders— Flax being intro- 

 duced as one item of its rotation. It is proper to expto 

 that the Cunningham acre contains 6250 square yan*. 

 10 Cunningham acres being nearly 1 3 acres imperial. 



" The leading object being to keep the largest poea* 

 stock of black cattle and swine, Flax, before itsi » 

 pendent value had been ascertained, was introduw 

 very much because, from the early period at w ' 1, '*j!'J 

 taken from the ground, it affords the facility foj^J 

 Rape for spring feeding. The Flax being pulled I in J 

 end of July, or very early m August, the one-half oM* 

 ground which had been occupied by it is m ^ e 'rJ 

 manured and sown broadcast with Rape in . tw0 . ^^ 

 divisions from the earliest period possible in A n S°V 

 the 1st of September. Such Rape comes into use m 

 after the middle of April, and affords an aw"^ 





wl* 



purchase, at a great price, a barren* y^SuT* ^kL^ ^ j the first Cutting -* ™— ~ *- —-A- fnv use. The gTCf 1 



« year or two, which were not very good one's T would SI ^ 



request- 



««ior«., probability of reduction in price, and o,*her 

 «£» connected with .he commercial value and a^ cu ] 

 *r*i use of the Nitrates of >da and P„ta*h ^ 



£«Hk Ur , ° f the Council '* transmit.ing ro the 

 Jj^ thoae volumes of the Journal ol the Society con! 



SHdlh r , ro * t,0n °" the object.- The Council 

 SStd^r"^ 1 . 10 be fre9en ' ed t0 * h « Board a 



but the Preset r^^.r, 

 .nvestigalie 



a <»• a i»i »kiu ». :, i u u , — »" u * ,,c " vciuici. mere was wic lusiuuiuu^ ui wuvci ia ic«u» ■"* — -• . , - j^ 



: ttfJil ^ n ::n!.'^ r . hood 7 he " * &™er, after holding a farm which has been so occupied by Rape is sown with |jj 



Vetches late in the month of May, from wl " c "'° c| { 

 end of September and during; October, when tr,e **£ 



r _;:■_. „ -_ ._L * supply of fine weealj 



herbage is most opportunely afforded. l» e ° ^ 

 of the Flax ground is, about the 1st of Ocjowr.^ 



with winter Vetolioo mivprl with a little !>/ './ii-^ 



vetcnes, by the *JUth dune,wnen hmp firo' cr, *l| ^^ 

 has been consumed, have attained considerable ^ 

 and firmness, and suddW the cows with exc ^^ 



as then in 



exhausted 



instances 

 present a lease 



nitrates ; 

 present 



£*Vl oTcL^f 7 UDdert&ken fop the Society by 

 tefJSte SSSS^ 1 ^ «"»P«t«< ^e detail 

 Jltnre could JSeSpSd hT" ^ ° f A « ri ' 

 ** preTions meeting, Mr r — P ' et6 SUte - At 



nwboor at Tarn pice, as not 



© to the exports of the 

 ia our report of that meeting fa mm ^T m " ,stv *"- Wl 

 J~tely omitted, and adMerent SLiK 1 '" U ° f ° r - 

 firen to his reniark—a eoirwtion Jh w ,COnse< l uentJ J r » 



Ui,b,dlWD U,formed . *>y " officer who hS ^eyed 



gives to the landlord but little securitv let i.« n«I' c„. k , 



« W^«rX^^r£ ,,,S — S with winter"Vetches m ixed with a 



hirnaelf vigoroosly S effect l°Jl" d ."T„ m ? ney > * exert 



man in fetters, and ttan invite £1,™^"* V to pUt a 



me that nothing can be ^^X?l^ nr ^^ , ■ . 



rse of cuItlvatioTwhatlw C '° Ver ' 9 ****** 

 off his land «fiat hlV^ST.'nte^,',"' ™'S it v"" 8 e ,T^ thin S 

 stock, and the man who exp^mis ™ ep8 little or no 8Ucceed - 





till 



August 



h "8«Tleof agriculture may be-th 



tember, when, as before stated, the ifring-so wn 



yielding the winter ■> ( 

 for transplanted Swea^ 



previous 



obstacle to ih^fe "J°l **?"« ^^n.urmounUble 



"" " lace. 





disconrsf 



perm 



having 



» v ^ v « ■ 4 a ■ r • m 



conditions of a 



jmme.ime, deviate,!?^ t'hTm aoTthL^T nT/l haTe no * 



^^Si^T^^r^&S^^SA **1 & be Tenioved ; and such V^^ 



, .. . , . Ja ^n though^ 



loped 



bulbs of the size of small eggs, an 



V* 



;»h 



»i mat tne tenant should be \J* ni : it Tf T "n^oksd. 

 pleases doHne th« wh«i. ^-!! tl . < » u,t «.fi»e to cultivate 



■*«t year, 



or perhaps the last two years. 



The only co;7n,„r 8l foTd 



leaves, are never found to fail, , even ^^ jfl 



¥ 



«i 



»ot so kept, he should hare 



planted in a dry season, if <he manure 



drills in a moist state. The Swedes » ^rflj 



r- •» » s «r« ft f a continue to grow during the wint ^... n u> ***£ 



•ondU«o"n. ForVe^curii 1 ; TOVere fro8t » a « d ***** aTv^u^ble addition t * 



rovtW that if S JSd"^ "ops for winter use. It will thus be «*»* *£& 

 »8ht to in.HtnU . , uit £ portion occupied by Flax, owiug to itt ^ ^ 





