i 



THE GARPKXfiKS' CintONICLE. 



[Mahch 



we r«-«w«rt tha this is uo proof that the t\ fanto 



ate distinct sp 



To this we w i ad-l that neither M.C mo* nor 



I. Al*»is J.»hi» who has tilled 100 | ^es of the 

 Mem rt of the Acadeniv ol Sciences of Lyons with 



mcol&tioiu apon the or.^in of .loroesticated plants 

 have attempted toexplain what the origin of Wheat 

 has been, if it «» not a domesticated con tion of 



in- almost wholly confined to the upper 

 the l-arc It ie clear .hat in «hU case, as well 1 as the 

 Uat, though roiachief ma ultimately anse to the plant 

 from the * deposit, there is no .^st' 011 of Vegetable 



*27'!." There are, however, undoubtedly cases, and 

 those of great frequency, in which the honey arises 

 either Immediately from an exusion of sugary matter 

 from the upper surface of the leaves, commencing at 



surface of ' where the new leader is to be produced. ft 





AriloM.as M. *'*»»■% •* petimenti, in oor opinion, distinct points and gradually spreading and becoming 



SEeTtoV confluent, or by the deposit of smn ar sugary matter 



DTO>e ii iw w. i ' „*«...«.♦* r.f thft lower surfaces In 



New Plants. 



Pi 



Van. iloaite, FL da 



ropping from the stoinata of the lower surface 

 such cases we hare real apostaxis, which is due to pecu- 

 liar conditions of the atmosphere, which have not at 

 present been fully examined, and is no lesa observable 

 in healthy than unhealthy individuals. In such cases 

 we have ourselves observed objects like garden seats 



117. VioUA CAPILLAAI*. 



srrrej t. 9tf :). 



A Utile greenhouse vioWt from ( li« with entangled 



erect .terns, mall rugose leavt*, and »< era the colour Z|j^7 under t ~he trees covered with honey dew, but we 



of tb* Neapolitan. It is a prelty little ibfofe thriving u ^ ver gec|1 gucJl a phenomenon in situations which 



la tqusj parts of leaf-mould, sand, and loam, and vvere not in t h e immediate neighbourhood of trees. And 



towering from May or June to August, but it is not Wlch ca as t h a mentioned under the last section 



1 mav really be due to matter descending from trees and 



fratfaa 



Van //"> , Fl' 



lift. 'Yxv.r.k GiOAXTf v Pla ' m 



He$ strrtt tl. f>73-(5. 

 A stately stove plant, obtained J tromri% SciadoeaJyx 

 Warezet m with Aching-lien ptcts It seem* to have 

 the nobfe a*p«x*t of the former and the gay yellow an I 

 sesrlet s|HHted rtowers of the latter. It wan rai 1 in 

 the garden of M. Van Hotttte by Mr. Itoez), and is no 

 doubt one of the f *t ot its brilliant race. M. 

 Ptsnehon assures m that the flowers lianj on much 

 better than usual, a circumstance which he attr s t j 



their being sterile. 





irried by currents to particular spots, exactly as in 

 the case of the yellow rain whicji is due to pollen. It 

 is very i wible that immerise secretion of honey dew 

 mav be exhausting to plants, though it probably acts as 

 a natural relief in many cases. Hartig reports a case 



f a Rose tree, in which, after a copious discharge of 



old 



uiwai^i 





operation the sap flows more freely, to the m*nifo! 



benefit of the new growth, viz , the leader. Any J^S 



spray from the upp er ^^ 

 branches that inclines 

 wta*e the young leader B Priifc 

 from should be shortened, *oi 

 not to encroach or injure k- 

 while, at the same time, the 

 wtuld form a shelter \vhd[ 

 would prevent it from bei^ 

 broken or blown on one aide 

 the wind till it has acquifJ 

 sufficient strength to brave ifo 

 storm itself. In the autumn &{ 

 the third year all the old side 

 branches of the old stem should 

 be sawn close off, when the prt 

 viously stunted tree will hare 

 the pronaibing appearance repr*. 

 sen ted by fig. 3. It is a remark 

 able fact that the bark hei 

 over a wound as well after t 

 saw as the knife, so that sniootl. 



inir with the knife after the saw 

 is, in most cases, unnecessary. 



By the end of the third or fourth year the renovated 

 tree will have acquired great vigour, and may be 



•ary matter, the leaves lost their green colour, the j trained to any required height before it is finally le: 



J - * -■ ■■ » » — .—.-^-i I to i^elf: and thus I could have renovated and n 



claimed, I believe I may say, all those decrepid, dwarf, 



Fig. 3.— Third Year. 



r cell-. V npaed, and the chlorophyll was exhausted. 

 ! udou asserts that neased plants, such as Hops that 

 have een injured by the larva of the Hepialus, are 

 most .subject to honey dew, but we have not observed 



Xo. Lxrr. 



k- 



mm 



~~ VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. 



27 A .1 (ol and Fur d. — 



4 II itr 1 — Tl leaves of plants during hot 

 an 1 sultrv weatl r, or occasionally when the tempi 

 nature * r, ai red, as with a varnish, with a 



sweet sticky con', which ; s popularly I >wn un r the 



rrnn* of homy dew. It is commonly believed that this 

 substance \ from the clouds, an 1 it is in consequent 



tai m c 1 damp seasons, there will be no hon»y thi 



*r, because th r has been no honey fall, (n thi 

 in n t \ dar .ions, there is sow* shade of truth 



mixed up with . inasmuch as the same seasons . 



which are unfit* to honey dew are also pr luctive •" the inflorescence of Grasses attacked by ergot is pro- 



of honey. A part, however, from popular opinion, I haWy a species of honey dew arising from disease, 



notions have pr« 1 amo: st those who j es» to have 



such to he the case. 



2 >. Besides any direct injury which may arise from 

 the copious excretion of honey dew, the respiratory 

 fanctions may be impeded 1 / though not to such an 

 extent as if the deposit was on the lower surface of the 

 leaf. If, howevt r, rain dors not wash off the sugar, 

 mcul Is like Cla< Bporiom, Anteunaria, and Capnodium 

 are soon developed, and the dark velvety coat which 

 arises from them not merely impedes respiration, but 

 prevents the due action of light upon the tissues, ob- 

 structing one of the most important functions of 



vegetation. r \ . J 



Bill. The sweet substance like honey which appears 



examined matters i re accurate!) hut till a correct 



chemical ana'y h 1 i made •>( these sw deposits 



under different circumstance, the qn >u ill 



rem a in a certain degree of obscurity. The prol>a- 



bHit) t the de| -its are not always of precisely the of £u estion. 



same chem A stare, and it is certain that they a»i*e 



from at leant two sources totally distinct. In ail c 



Oidium abort ifaciens, which before the recent obser- 

 vations of Tulasue, was supposed to be the fungus 

 which pr uces ergot, may possibly be a condition of 

 some yeast fungus developed in the sweet matter ; 

 but this is merely thrown out for the present by way 

 -' f'.J.B. 









the a[ peara in ijreat measure confined t» the 



upper a of the leaf— a fact winch has had no 



•ma!! part in the argument-, to which the subject has 



277. ie most ancient notion, a 1 that which, as ( '" vour volume for l?>.Vt, page 70i 

 ! above, is still n»o t po Iar, is tliat it arista from premi however, that I could give in 

 e deposits on t! i\ of a sweet Mil ance falliii' ' conv-ncing illustration of the metln 



RECLAIMING UMBRELLA-HEADED TREES. 



Tin. following la my method of reclaiming stunted 



umbrella-headed trees, such as are alluded to in my 



i remarks on Delamere Forest and the Chopwell woods, 

 I. . - ,„.« .....a - 09 p erm i t me to 



the woods a more 

 thod 



in question in 



sa 



th* ! 



U n the air. It is in general scarcely atl noted to 10 minutes than any written description could possibly 



abo* wl ice this ry vapour or rain may I derived, convey, hut as it is unlikely I can have many oppor- 



except so far \s th • indication may go that it usually tunit » of giving such lessons, I will endeavour to 



takes when the larger number of plants are in furnish as plain directions as I possibly can, how to 



bloom, from which it may j isibjy be an manation. It proceed with the operations for the renovation of 

 such were the case it ought not to he confined to iudi- j such trees, 

 vidua! trees or ecics, 1 t every plant alike should he 



cover* and n only so, but every surround iug object 

 should equally be coated with the sweet varnish. 

 Instances indeed are some tin* j alleged in which this 

 has been the case, it such supposed facts require dose 

 in ^atio ar. the report a om comes fr n persona 

 of sclent habits, y o are sufficiently accustomed r 

 observation to insure the absence of error. \V ;mann* 

 in his little treatise on the tliseases of plants assures ua 



that Such deposit 4 do take place, accompanied by fine 



rain. lie tays that he has himself seen in an afternoon 

 in the beginning of June nearly ba!f an acre in his 1 

 garden upletefj covered with honey dew. Not only 

 bitter plants, such as Wormwood and the bitter Thistle 



Let us begin with a bushy-headed Oak from 4 to 3 feet 



in height, say of 14 or 15 

 years' growth more or 

 less. Take, for example, 

 such a one as is repre- 

 sented in fi£. 1 • looking 

 at it, can any tiling be 

 imagined more likely to 

 remain a cumberer of the 

 ground I I commence by 

 taking off most of the 



branches 

 close to the stem, short- 

 ening the other small ones 



bushy-headed trees in Delamere Forest, and unfortu- 

 nately in too many other places. 



When operating on crooked, ill-formed, scngp 

 trees, not bushy-headed, I head them off at the place 

 most suitable for producing a new leader ; but this :$ 

 rather a nice operation, requiring both experience and 

 judgment, and they demand careful looking after feu 

 two or three years. Heading off without after trainio. 

 — like planting without early care afterwards—tie 

 result will only be disappointment and loss of bothtiiM 



and money. 



In hedge rows and parks single trees naturally thro* 

 out numerous strong ^ide branches near the ground; 

 such trees require training to acquire a clean straight 

 stem to any desirable height before they are permitted 

 to assume their beautiful natural habits of growth. By 

 this process of training when young they advance mu 

 faster in height, and there are no thick brandies to k 

 removed to make the stem unsightly where no branches 

 are required. 



In enclosed plantations and groups in parks and 

 lawns the outside trees should be trained with shorter 

 stems than those in the interior, as being more naturai 

 and beautiful. The interior trees will naturally draw 

 themselves up straight and tall with but little training 

 But to produce valuable and at the same time orna- 

 mental timber, great care must be taken to give plenty 

 of head-room as soon as the tops begin to encroach oa 

 each other, or to a great extent it will be labour in vaic. 

 But after all I ara fully convinced that until experi- 

 mental, plantations are provided near the metropolis 

 where lauded proprietors and planters occasionally, 

 resort either for pleasure or business, and where they 

 could see living examples of the value and convincing 

 utility of the process, until, I say, something of this kifi* 

 is established, or a Royal English A rbori cultural Society 

 is formed, I am confident, from a very lengthened 

 experience, that little progress will be made in the true 

 system of forest management. No written descnptioc 

 as I have already said, will effect the object in wt 

 Some never read, and others soon forget what they i 

 read on such subjects. Then why not try the system 

 upon a small scale at first in some of the Royal fores 

 where there are some young plantations— say v&» 

 Delamere, and the New Forest- till the Lords oi< 

 Treasury and the Commissioners of Woods, &c. « 

 are convinced by examples of the paramount utu 

 my plan. W. BilUnrjton, Roy, Belmdlet, Map. 



I 



strongest side 



■tV-. 3 





EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORT 



Fig. 1.— Sn nted Tki 



so as to brinj: them within 



a reasonable compass. I 



<Cnicus Benedictus), but the garden benches, t 



plant markers, Sec, were equally varnished, while bej id 



a strictly defined limit not a trace of the phenome on * uen ring the bark about half an inch wide on the upper 



was visitle. In this case till after the deposit there s *r< J • aches close to the stem, leaving about an 



was no ] 4onaI inspection, and a subsequent storm Inch (more or less, according to 



prevented the collection of the sugary matter for exa- circumstances) in the centre or 



minat He relates also a case reported to him fork of the tree, to produce a cen- 



by Or. 



lie relates also a case reported to him 

 ^^^^^ , of Mayence, in which a sweet substance 

 was seen t fall In little drops between the branches of 

 the trees whiie the sun was shining, and, as in the 

 former caso, covering every object wh )\ was exposed 



The air was at the time tilled with dipterous 

 insects, from which the matter might have dien. 

 Alio wing, however, that such observations are correct, 

 they are a east exceptional, and capable, as will be 

 seen presently, of explanation, and will only help to 



tk«» l,^ MA „ A . . *. * 



one. 



to it. 



th a£o th £ t ^ d€W ma ^' arl8e ^ m01 " e Wtt J 8 tI,a!l 



2(B. Seme authors are inclined to refer everv 



case 

 of 



tral shoot for a future leader, by 

 which process I force the space 

 left in the centre to throw out 

 several shoots — the strongest 

 and best-placed I select for the 

 leader. At the end of the first 

 year I thin and shorten the other 



shoots, thereby throwing the 



main force of the sap into the 

 leader ; the other shoots left 

 should be removed at the begin* 

 ping of the Second year's growth, 



te 



Of honey dew to tbe agency of the different species 



aphis. It is quite certain that a sweet substance is ' 'before they have time to compe 

 •quirted fr -.m the ] tcessea an their I , and that™** or injure the permanent 

 many cases of honey .lew arise from it, though it is as \ leader. If this operation is at- 

 certom tha* cases occur where no aphis is present. I tended to in the second year, the 

 They occupy principally the ; under aideof leaves, thouuh : fee will have the appearance Fia.*.-Bn tdYevr 

 not exclusively, which would account for the uowts represented by fig. 2. 

 • Wiegmat Die Kranihi n una krankhr M*sahiT ■ 1" all cases of hide-bound 



FROM THE icvrVI 



CURATOR OF THE BOTANIC GAKDEN, GLA&a** 



Jantjaiiy, 1855. , 



The Museum of Economic Botany has prove 

 great source of additional interest to the public du 

 the past summer, though it still is in a very inipe 

 state. Whether this may have arisen wore J n r ^]J 

 novelty, or from its real importance, I a" 1 



state, "but certainly no other department of lh ^ 



VSs.ltf 



: 



has been so much frequented by visitors as 

 It is consequently to be desired that its trW ^ 

 both in an economic and educational point ol vie j 

 be fully understood, and lead to its being suppor 

 the same respectable manner as the Museums o r ^ 

 mic Botany which are attached to the Kew » n 



burgh Gardens. , ^ 



In the experimental portions of the > Gar ? |f 



have been a^ain made on the growing o T0 ° x K \& 

 different distances. I reported on this subject i ^ 

 when the results were in favour of sowing » 

 thick, which is also the case in the pw» n ^J 

 Plots of ground 18 yards wide, by 12 long, . 



.. .. .. •'. ,. \i t -n f , ..-pre 1« 



V 



and unhealthy tree 



with Mangold Wurzel. On one, the drills were r ^ 

 apart, and the plants stood inches apart m {]€l 



The produce of this weighed I ton, 2 cwfc. 1 q^ 

 of same dimensions, on which the dri lis * 

 apart, and the plants 18 inches in the dn"?i 



along the stem from the ground to duced 16 cwt. Both spaces were 



were 3 fc 



only ! 



