THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETT] 



» trifle given to the outgoing tenant for stack- 

 ttotua*' «»<! f° r squaring of the manure- heaps, 

 ^LiidoQi amounts to 51. There is no instance 

 **|"V ov tenant has had any compensation 



1 *J*^* eX l, Jlus te7l cultivation and manure left in the 

 ^■*J? the previous year's culture, when the out- 

 tS»* carted off the Turnip aud other root 

 _ So that in this case the outgoing tenant has been 

 3lH{. as Tenant's rights on the farm of 260 acres, 

 Cijilive and dead stock, amounting to 5707. 

 fJTdiis inventory justice has been done to the out- 

 ^ tenant and therefore the whole of the land has 

 Wt in a good state of cultivation, for which the in- 

 terlaid has paid 10027. 16s., and the incoming 

 n y has received value for this sum in the large crops 

 ■/Wheat the land produced the first year, and in the 

 U|fe quantity of manure which he had on the farm, 



^^ wai«*' Dmcn ^ was re( l u ^ re ^ f° r a ^ ms ro °t crops 

 fbftti ?*k* nor were there any extra expenses for 



the land in preparing it for his fallow crops. 

 It most be evident that if the outgoing tenant did not 

 Uttire the value of all his labour and the produce of his 

 hit war's crop, whether it be in a raw state, or for the 

 paoure produced from the last year's crop, he would be 

 about it, and might greatly injure the land in 

 __ the crops on it, and of course he would 



Mi be careful in what state he left the land to the next 

 L J.M. 



179 



gradually generate oil of bitter Almonds and Prussic 

 acid. Digested with boiling water, or heated by thou, 

 selves to the temperature of 212° Fahrenheit, the 

 emulsin in Almonds coagulates, and no oil of bitter 

 Almonds or Prussic acid is formed." 



On the receipt of this highly interesting elucidation of 

 the practical result we had arrived at, I sent to Dr. 

 Voelckersome perfectly clean Rape seed, for the pur- 

 pose of the experiment proposed in his letter ; aad I 

 have since received another letter from him, accom- 

 panied by a bottle containing some of this seed crushed 

 and digested in cold water for 24 hours. He writes, 

 " The experiments which I have made with the Rape 

 seed you kindly forwarded to me fully confirm my im- 

 pression, that the strong smell observed when Rape- 

 cake is moistened with cold water is due to the 

 admixture of Mustard seed. 



are 



-first the compouud, say at 6 o'ciock ; at b" o'clock 

 they get as many cut Swedes as they can eat ; about 

 2 o'clock they get the remainder of the compound, and 

 at 6 o'clock at night they get as many Swedes as they 

 can eat. They eat daily about 1 cwt. of Swedes, 3 lbs. of 

 Linseed, 5 lbs. of Beans, Oats, and bran, and 10 lbs. of 



rtraw cue with chaff. They are regularly littered afresh 

 during the time they are eating their breakfast, and at 



upper time the litter is again stirred up. As they are 

 in boxes they are never allowed out oftener than once 

 in 8 or 10 weeks : 



(6 ' 



dry and sweet. 



RAPE CAKE AS FOOD FOR STOCK. 



SncE the advance in price of Linseed-cake from 61 

 to 12. and more per ton, we used, in the first place, 

 Linseed and Rape-cake mixed in equal proportions ; 

 tad for the last two years we have used Rape-cake alone. 

 Ike analyses of Linseed and Rape-cake indicated their 

 equal value fur agricultural purposes, having regard to 

 (heir feeding and manuring capabilities ; the only diffi- 

 akj therefore which presented itself was that Rape- 

 cake was much less palateable to animals than the 

 LiMeed-cake. In the raw state we got over this diffi- 

 culty by a few days' perseverance, and we found the 

 sheep do perfectly well on it, given broken in their 

 troughs in the field. When we m 1 it dissolved in 

 water to pour over chaff in a cooked state for bullocks, 

 ie lame cake varied very much. Sometimes the dis- 

 eolredcake on being poured over the chaff was offensive 

 to the smell, and affected the eyes so much that the man 

 eouMhardly continue the admixture, and the animals re- 

 jected the food; at other times nothing of the kind existed, 

 ttdthemixture was eaten freely. This was very perplexing 

 ■r a time, but we ultimately discovered this depended 

 ■tiniy upon the temperature of the water into which 

 ie cake was put j that when the cake was put into 

 ■Wig water the evils experienced were completely 

 •*NJ and that when it was dissolved in water under 

 •at temperature they existed in full force. 



Ai Rape-cake has of late been so much used for 

 ■M»g, I think it may be useful to communicate this 

 M to your readers. I thought it desirable to ascertain 

 w cause of this phenomenon, as the solution of it might 

 •tot further information as to the composition of Rape- 

 ■••t # »nd I therefore mentioned the circumstance to 

 ■y friend Dr - Voelcker, the skilful chemical professor 



*I°u» gr,CultUral Col,e g e > who wrote to me as follows : 

 *J Wieve the pungent principle in Rape-cake arises 



2» the preset) ce of Mustard seed, which is often con- 



jJM m considerable quantities in foreign Rape-cake. 



*J«wand Rape belong to the same family of plants; 



m Uermany, at least, I am sorry to say our Rape 



I find that Rape seed does 

 not contain any substances analogous to those which in 

 Mustard seed produce the pungent volatile oil of 

 Mustard. Neither cold nor boiling water develop, in 

 pure Rape seed, any pungent principle. The fluid 

 obtained by distilling crushed Rape seed with water 

 faintly smells like the crushed seed, as you will perceive 

 by the bottle I send you. Boiling, tepid, or cold water 

 have the same effect on pure Rape seed. It follows 

 from these experiments that Rape-cake cannot act 

 injuriously, when given to animals, by reason of any 

 irritating substance which it contains, 'provided it has 

 been made from pure seed, and not, as is frequently the 

 case, largely mixed with Mustard seed." 



I have great pleasure in forwarding to you these im- 

 portant explanations from so distinguished a chemist as 

 Dr. Voelcker, as of great practical use to our agricul- 

 tural brethren, affording, as they do, a very simple mode 

 of distinguishing pure from impure Rape-cake, and con- 

 firming, by the aid of science, the mode suggested of 

 rendering the latter comparatively innoxious. Charles 

 Lawrence, Cirencester, March 3. 



we often very foul with Mustard. 



^prevents the puiii/ent, acrid smell, is fully explained 

 » fte chemistry of Must* " 



*taiu 



^fcftaJB 



Mustard seed. That seed does not 



, a ny volatile or essential oil of Mustard, the 



°i the pungency of Mustard paste ; but it does 



*<*♦ " P ecu,iar principles which, in contact with 



fteoL P 1( V ater > generate essential oil of Mustard. 



we is called myronic acid by chemists, the other 



J • Ane latter is a substance-like albumen, and, 



j, moistened with cold water, acts as a kind of 



M^J u P? n myronic acid, producing the acrid oil of 



albums 



Ha 



Home Correspondence. 



Agricultural Society. — It would be very gratifying to 

 many supporters of the Agricultural Society of England, 

 and a great boon to practical agriculturists, if prizes 

 were given for animals in a proper saleable condition 

 for the butcher, as well as profitable to the breeder and 

 feeder. During the infant days of a society it may be 

 difficult to check the fancy and fashion of the day ; 

 opinions, however numerous, most run riot for a time, 

 in order that good may eventually arise from the 

 extravagant flights of its first promoters. Experience 

 and tne progress of science will, however, rescue a 

 valuable institution from its youthful mistakes, and raise 

 its character for usefulness. Awarding prizes for quad- 

 rupeds whose existence must be a burden to them from 

 the immense masses of fat hanging from their sides has 

 to a certain extent been discontinued, but to give the 

 farmer the full advantage of this change, it is snggested 

 that prizes should be given for various animals whose 

 power of accumulating wholesome meat on their carcases 

 could be proved by reference to age and a Dr. and Cr. 

 account of what has been consumed by each beasl during 

 the period of fatting. Persons who are in the habit of 

 supplying beef to the market know what may be done with 

 animals of an inferior description if the owner is willing 

 to open hispurse-strings widely. Too much careand atten- 

 tion cannot be paid to crossing to obtain constitution and 

 symmetry, as when both these are apparent in an animal, 

 it may be presumed he will prove a good feeder 

 without pampering, weigh heavy m the scales, and show 

 well on the spit. At all exhibitions " holiday folk" form a 

 considerable item amongst the spectators, who, although 

 they may stare with wonder at an over-fed brute, have 

 their pity rather than their admiration excited for the 

 uncomfortable state the animal must be in, puffing and 

 blowing; as if its heart would break. The interest excited 

 throughout the United Kingdom by the meetings of the 

 Royal Agricultural Society is immense, and would be 

 increased fourfold could farmers be sure of having the 

 feeding properties of animals fully tested on the broad 

 £ s. d. basis. After all, there is no conviction comes 

 myron like so home as that of the pocket. Eloquence on the back, 





, xca8 ooinng water coagulates 



ferment ™ g e Btat ? myron loses itS efficac > r ribs, and loins of an ox is thrown away in comparison 

 «*«, and consequently no pungent or acrid - - ..... j _ t 



** * boiling water. 



I am not aware that clean 



with the weight of a plain statement of the quantity, 

 quality, ami cost of the food required to bring the object 

 of admiration to a condition fit tor the shambles and the 



appetite of a healthy man. It is not impossible that an 

 amateur when viewing the stock of a celebrated breeder 



V** 



Jljjj^ contains analogous principles to those in 



^*ndme 7 *** * S P 088ible > l sha11 be g ,Ad if J ou 



Afe * expeVmpnl 011 "^ 8 ° f ^dedly clean Rape seed. m have j liquire d the expense of feeding a beast whose 



if it en T- WUh 6Uch Kape-seed will soon tell A\ ' ' " 



^minM ■ substan ces allied to myronic acid and 



fa 



«««u seeu ; or it, that which 1 expect to 

 ^amiYol y° u p r % Ra P e -cake is made from seed contain- 



*H™w Mu8tard 8eed - 



*** brinY*' tHe practical result of mixing Rape-cake 

 *** Pare mT^ deserves to be generally known, for 

 *>*ore cor . Cake wiU ,ose 5ts P oiso » 0118 character; 

 ^kcallprT y s l )eaki "g> ^s poisonous qualities will 

 ^tern*. im ° exi8t «nce, if it be mixed with water 



•A.^p^ of 112- Fahrenheit. 



?** thj , ' US ? ase i8 Presented to us in bitter Almonds. 

 ***** viU\ miXl0UH 8ubstanc e which acts as a ferment 

 "^in, hut r \T ater iH ^alle,1 emu,a » lh sides this 

 J^ce eAiu i 0nd8 con twn a beautiful crystalline 

 %.^_ /?_"** amygdalin. Neither the emulsin nor 



? 



.^ygdal 



mensions appeared extraordinary, and may have 

 received for answer, " He is for the next show ; I 

 cannot tell what I have spent on him. I expect the 

 prize." Falcon. 



Cattle Food. — The mode which I have adopted for 

 years is the following, 1 prepare a compound, 10 lbs. 

 of which are Oat straw cut into chaff, 3 lbs. of Linseed 

 meal, 5 lbs. of Beans and Oats and Iran ground, and 

 10 lbs. of water. This compound is made in the fol- 

 lowing manner : 3 lbs. of Linseed meal is boiled in 1 lbs. 

 of water for about 15 minutes, and 10 lbs. of chaff being 

 spread out on the floor the liquid is spread over the 

 chaff and mixed together ; the straw, the Beans, Oat 

 meal, and bran are sifted over the chaff, and the whole 

 well mixed together. It is rammed hard down, so as to 

 let the whole be intimately mixed and well saturated. 

 is the quantity given to two beasts night and 

 The compound is made at night and in the 

 mt which is made at night is given first 



; W*Ln? P° i8onous ; neither have they any Thi 



e ^ul 8 i n jj^j are mixed together in cold water, morning. T 



K^*' r, *l of bitt^^ ^ C am y8 e * aun mt0 volatile or morning; that wtiwn is maae ai mgnt is given nrsi 



^^k*cid. bip 61 *^ ? nds > an< * m *o hydrocyanic or thing in the morning, and what is made in the morning 



gested with cold water, bitter Almonds is given about 2 o'clock. So * u ~* * u ~ * ;wM ~' «— i;— 



but their litter keeps them perfectly 



The Beans, Oats, bran, and Linseed I 



reckon to be of more value than the same money value 



of oilcake, and the straw checks the tendency and saves 



laxativeness produced by roots. /. M. 



Draining v. Trenching.— Let " Leisurely" trench his 

 rushy ground say 20 inches deep. If he cannot afford 

 to destroy the turf he may pare it off, and plant it or 

 lay it down as the trenching proceeds. In numerous 

 instances where rushes grow vigorously the land only 

 requires culture to make it produce abundant crops of 

 our best Grasses without draining ; and in the instance 

 in question the water is not stagnant, but findB its way 

 off at the gravel stratum. Two-thirds of the turf will 

 be sufficient to lay down again ; the remainder may and 

 ought to be left near the surface, chopped into shreds, 

 which would afford food for the superincumbent turf. 

 My firm opinion is that had the money which lias been 

 expended in draining in numerous instances been spent 

 iu the proper culture of 18 inches of the surface the 

 results would have been more satisfactory. Moneo. [We 

 do not agree with our correspondent.] 



To the Growers of Hops.— Perhaps few plants have 

 been longer or more forced by cultivation than the 

 Hop ; the usual consequences have been of late yearly 

 exhibited, and progressing in intensity of operation— an 

 increasing inability to resist disease. It has been the 

 same with our long cultivated fruit trees ; and recent 

 observation has shown, that by reverting to the native 

 stock a healthier plant has been obtained, resisting a 

 greater severity of inclement weather. Why not pursue 

 the same plan with the Hop ! The probability of success 

 (if the experiment have not yet been judiciously tried) 

 seems almost certain, and, if so, the consequent value 

 of it is incalculable. In Mr. Ruegg's recent prize report 

 of Dorsetshire farming, he says there is a great preva- 

 lence of indigenous Hops in that county ; that the late 

 Mr. Mowlam cultivated them, it is thought profitably 

 jnntil his death, and that they were quite free from 

 mildew, lice, &c. T. Landor, Burton, Feb. 12. 



Lambing Season. — At this period it may not be useless 

 to direct the attention of flock. masters to the simple 

 means by which the evil effects resulting from unusually 

 hard or protracted labour may be in many instances 

 averted. In all cases where much " handling " has 

 been required during parturition, where " draining " 

 supervenes, or in cases of abortion, the administration 

 of the following dose has been found very beneficial : — 

 Two ounces of Epsom salts, 2 drachms of ginger, and 

 2 drachms of laudanum. Should inflammation ensue, 

 resort may be had to bleeding ; but as a rule such 

 patients require all the strength which Nature furnishes. 

 Unless the unfavourable symptoms disappear in the 

 course of 24 hours, repeat the dose. It is from expe- 

 rience that I recommend this mode of treatment, as I 

 feel fully assured that in the two past lambing seasons 

 it has been — in connection with careful nursing — the 

 means of saving many ewes, which under the old methods 

 would have been lost. I send you this with the simple 

 desire that what I have found advantageous in my own 

 experience may be placed at the disposal of other 

 breeders. T. R. Ellis, Oxnead Ball, Norfolk. 



The Plough* — In the plough we have, no doubt, a very 

 efficient instrument for turning the ground, but will it 

 not admit of a question, except in the breaking up of 

 old leas, whether turning of the ground is a necessary 

 operation ; whether the use of the grubber, which has 

 been lately advocated, with other implements for separat- 

 ing a portion of the upper soil from the lower, and for 

 tearing the portion so separated to pieces, may not be 

 found to give as effectual cultivation at far less cost of 

 labour ? By the plough, with the action of a wedge, a 

 slice of clay is separated, raised, displaced, and turned 

 over, and, all these operations become necessary for the 

 mere purpose of exposing the under part of this slice to 

 atmospheric action ; were it not for this the separation, 

 the under and side cutting of the slice, would be all 

 sufficient. But while a considerable amount of force is 

 necessary to perform these operations by the upper side 

 of the wedge, as much more is lost in the pressure of 

 the lower side of the wedge on the unmoved soil belotr, 

 and on the land side, to much detriment of the land, 

 especially where clay predominates. I admit that the 

 slice so turned is easily operated on by the harrow, and 

 that in the interstices beneath the sods a small quantity 

 of air is locked up,"but this is soon deprived of all its 

 fertilising properties ; and the working of grubbers, &c, 

 will, I should think, be more effectually beneficial on the 

 unturned surface than that of the harrow on the turned 

 slices, for the action of the harrow, while it tears the 

 surface, closes it and excludes, to a certain extent, the 

 air, while that of the grubber is to open it and render it 

 pervious to the air, and its tearing action, though it may 

 be less than the harrow on the surface, is much greater 

 in the depth. But we bury weeds by the turning opera- 

 tion of the plough ; granted — but if we do, we bury indis- 

 criminately those that rot and decay when so burned 

 and those that thrive, and are rendered more difficult to 

 extirpate afterwards from this covering of them ; we 

 obtain a clean surface, which looks well to the eye fcr a 



