/ 





212 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



» i 



cost lor trunk drains and pipes tor irrigation were extreme 



frfta* ed to the Society several i dels of cottages 



— — - - -. . - *.%*»•- ««« f*s ftls0 ttis estimate of land required, and which might, to 



for In bourns, with statements referring to tneir -con- i ome -extentf ^ accounted for by his being an advocate 



s traction ami peculiar advantages, for which the thanks f or solidifying the sewage ingredients. He had, therefore 



of 



f tli* TniinrJI were ordered. Mr. Slaney, at the request taken the figures of those who preferred irrigation. Mr. Lawes 

 I the council wwjw ™ inject these models Talued the ingredients in the sewage of London at 774,585*., and 



f tke President, undertook to inspect tnese moaeis, calculated the water with which they were 



carried off at 90 millions of tons. Now, if all this sewage 

 was to spread over 20,000 acres of land, we should have 100 inches 

 deep over 60 square miles. Imagine such a putrid sea within 

 sight of the largest and most condensed mass of human beings in 

 Europe, and then say, if such a thing was likely to be tolerated. 



and to report upon them to the Council. 



pjaoDvcTiON of Bltteb.— Prof. Way read to the 

 CouucU a letter addressed to him by Mr. Horsfall, of 

 Barley Hall, near Otley, on the amount of cream and . 



« -^ t * m j9 ^..» a _ I Edinburgh, with its 600 acres, was bad enough in sultry weather, 



butter be obtained in his dairy byj/the part cular ( ag he ha | ^^^ experienced ; but what was it to this ! Then 



juk agement of his cows. This communication led to 



t e expression of much dlrersUy of opinion on the 



•conditions under which the production and quality of 



iri k is affected, Mr. Horsfall was requested to supply 



.derails of his management ; and, on the motion of Mr. 



Caird, the furtlier discussion of the subject was deferred 



until the second Wednesday in May. 



Lecture. — Prof. Way's lecture on the Atmospheric 

 Influence in Reference to Vegetation was arranged to 

 Jte delivered on the 25th instead of the 18th of April 



regretted 



experiments could be mJST*** 1 ** 



3a <*! *Qa n^ 





this, and it was to 



mental farm where 

 results obtained. 



[The following are remarks by Mr P*' 

 ham ; we regret we are unable to eive"th<! ,of F «fc 

 of other speakers to this most intekti^S*^ 



To the conclusions of Mr. Lawes r that wa ^ u,8<mi Nl>] 

 value of manures by their chemical ingredteiiuT* m * liI * a* 

 hearty assent ; and he thought that the enonH*r e g J n ** 

 that we should chiefly estimate the ™ rthTf n ° noft ** 



Society op Arts, March 19.— Sewage of London. 

 X We add to our last week's report an abridgment of the 

 addresses on the subject by Mr. Scott, of Liverpool, 

 and Mr. Paine, of Farnham. Mr, T. Scott said — 



The value of sewage had been carefully ascertained by Prof. 

 Way, and amply illustrated by Mr. Lawes, and the result 

 appeared to show that five- sixths of it was held in solution, and 

 ot sixth in suspension. This also was the case of the Edinburgh 

 sewage water, according to Professor Anderson's analysis, winch, 

 how r, must be noted as much richer in the elements of 

 fertility; and this" analysis confirmed the results of Professor 

 Way and Mr. Lawes's tares ligation*, if any confirmation were 

 ^required. Now as there was no absolute fixer ot ammonia and 

 of the other valuable elements thus held in solution, enabling us to 

 secure the above fire-sixths of volatile matter in a solid or sedi- 

 mentary state, and then let the pure water go free, a pretty 

 general unanimity of opinion was becoming prevalent in favour 

 of appropriating the whole sewa.i of London to irrigation. No 

 one, however had as yet ventured even to shadow forth a plan 

 on which this theory was to be carried out in practice, and i' 

 therefore, appeared premature to launch so much recrimination 

 as had been done against those the business f whose Uvea was 

 -remunerative farming for not accepting that which had never 



yet b n put within their reach. As a practical agriculturist, 

 farming land mainly for prot he ditf A with Mr. Lawes and 

 with a similar sentiment contained in a letter he held in his hand 

 frc Mr. Telfer, of Avr, as to the propriety of forcing crops up to a 

 point at which they be me injured, but he was quite willing 

 to use manure up to the highest point at which it was profitable. 

 II* at the same time was ready to admit, and had good data for 

 Relieving, that 10 times the present expenditure of manure could 

 Oe profitably employed if it could be obtained In anv shape at the 

 standard price of pure superphosphate of lime, or guano. Mr. 

 Mechi said that sewage manure conld be profitably applied to 

 cereal crops; we had no precedent, however, for such a doubtful 

 practice except on a very limited area of light soils in this 

 to , or in the rice swamps of Italy, India, and America; in 



fact, the great desideratum in connexion with cereal crops here 

 was how to stiffen and support the straw, not how to turn it into 



* w , . aqn * tlc re€d ' Just ask an 7 farmer— he would not even 

 stipulate for an intelligent farmer but one possessed of ouly the 



-ordinary instinct of his kind-if he would like to have the fall of 



ram over bis Wheat fields throughout the year doubled or 



sampled, and you would have a sound solution of the problem 



as to applying liquid manure to Wheat crops generally. Few 



of us would like to miss Mr. Mechi's presence from these meet- 



mgs, and from Tiptrce farm at his annual gatherings, but if he 



persisted in the practiceof applying liquid manure to grain crops, 



his legitimate field of operations was not Essex, with Its 130 



Sm7h *Z 7 V r the 7 ear ' * ll \ lM T* with I* 38 (see Capt. Baird 

 Smith on Italian Irrigating), or even the arid sands of Sahara. 



iZ i3 W ™ untn ? U was a mention of irrigation and a crop, or 

 no irrigation and no crop. This, however, was seldom thecal 



fluon. i*t* ZmI?*^ * nd l H **?*«*> *PP«*red to him super- 

 1W rL^^ *!* **?*, lMj > and other ™*tries, with 

 when ir'ln 7 l r * m,eSS c,imates and arid soils, and 



nvZiJErF** 1 ? 1 .^™? 1 *****" existed - The M,u « and 



J« i* ♦ '**!* fae 8houId d0 ^at t0 «> nfi n« »»* remarks 



iLni* • JJ^X? 0r Wts ProP"^ to be carried out at home in 

 Vn*^TJl th r w *& irri *ation. The lowest estimate of the 

 quantity of fend required for the London sewage was made by 



i^fi^If* an » an l oim . ted to *>.<*<> acres. He at the same time 



nrofilw^ :^ St } e Z* l7i ? to which lif l nui m anure could be 

 .mrofitably applied. Now, although London was surrcunded by 



£ iffM ^?' he f uld not see that this 20 « (>00 ^cre^ «o«W practi- 

 cally be obtained out of a less area than 40,000 acres, or upwards 



whu?h 8 ? of^ ^ / )* nd -** in e a »W area than that on 

 Z»» *k ♦?! °r n f Unds (and here within Parenthesis he would 

 3 , e kalian irrigation was nearly always applied to land 

 It hJ-l?^ bosbandry). The first question that occurred 

 ImL* a immense tract of land for irrigation was to be 



JPtS? ed / were l «e owners and occupiera voluntarily to combi 



take the case of Edinburgh as to the effect on the animals fed on 

 sewage Grass. The author of the admirable prize essay on the 

 fanning of the Lothians late ; y published in the "Journal of thi 

 Royal Agricultural Society" wrote htm : — * Since pleuro-pneumonia 

 became so prevalent, the loss from this disease in the Edinburgh 

 dairies exceeds all belief. During the first year or two, the veter- 

 inary surgeon was called in ; but as cures were seldom effected, the 

 butcher has taken hio place. The loss has been so great that 

 many cow-keepers have been rained. It is rather suspicious and 

 against the system of feeding with irrigated Grass, that Mr. 

 Teller, at Cunning Park, has been losing an immense number of 

 cows, and the ventilation of his cow-houses cannot be surpassed, 

 and cleanliness is most scrupulously observed. It is quite 

 understood here" (Edinburgh), "that the experiment at 

 Myreroill has been anything but profitable; and Mr. 

 Huxtable has, we believe, partly relinquished the practice. 

 (Authority, Lavergne, the French agriculturist.)" Then 

 as to the special case of Mr. Telfer, a gentleman wrote:—" So 

 great a nuisance is Cunning Park that we have felt the most 

 offensive smells near * Alloway**Kirk,' distant a mile and a 

 half. We advised Mrs. Begg, Burns' sister, to indite him for a 

 nuisance. This she declined dcing; but we believe that other 

 parties have been threatening a process of this kind." Another 

 correspondent in Edinburgh, on whom he could rely, said:— 

 " The meadows being very near the town (Edinburgh), and being 

 irrigated *o frequently as to produce three or four crops of very 

 rank grate in the course of the season, were considered a very 

 great nuisance by the inhabitants in this neighbourhood, and it 

 was considered a great benefit to the city, generally, when the 

 improvements connected with the Queen's drive, &c. f led to the 

 practice of so irrigating those nearest town being done away 

 with. In hot weather, and in certain winds, the smell from these 

 fields was intolerable, and the grass had the thick, rank appear- 

 ance of the grass of a crowded churchyard. The smell, and their 

 insalubrity, affected the rents of the houses exposed to their 

 influence. As to the effects of grass produced by them on the 

 milk or meat of cattle fed with it, 1 can only say that the general 

 impression on the part of the public was very much against such 

 milk and meat." 



[Further evidence from the Agricultural Manure Com- 

 pany and from other witnesses, Was adduced on the 

 point by Mr. Scott.] 



ence 



to the proportions of nitrogen and XSSS" *^2 

 might contain had been of immense tt^ ■* 2 

 farmers who had availed themselves of that i!!f to ^ ttZ 

 Scott had just now alluded to the rank luxuril^f^ k 

 burgh meadows, as an evidence of extravagant vl? 7 *• *k 

 and had attributed the disease so prevalent IS °! u ^ 

 fed on those meadows to the bad quality of their «25 ^ ^ 

 Caird altogether dissented from this view on The ^L^ ■ 

 own cattle, receiving a different kind of foori g lT l4tk,l * 

 severely visited by the epidemic. But whether tL ^ • 

 of the Grass in the Edinburgh meadows p'edis^d S^ 



thereon to the taking of this particular disease 



satisfied that even Grass lands might be over-manWed'h:* 7* 

 doses of sewage, so as not to allow it time to form thJ2? 

 combinations with the soil which Professor Way had smSS? l,t 

 which he had good reason to believe always took VuJ! • '? 

 land before the manure could be healthily assimiivSJi"! 1 

 plant, the manure being as it were digested by the soil . J£ 

 fitted for vegetable use; and if so, it was highly wobfi£ 



excessive manuring would produce a growth of crude v< 



tttmtk 



ftfid 



into a dry manure were failures, on account of" the low" 1 ^* 



of a poisonous rather than a nutritive character But ntm»k. 

 to the uses of the London sewage, it had been generallviSrfS 

 during this discussion that the several processes for convert 





the 

 fami- 



ne had one letter from a large rent-paying occupier on 

 Duke of Argyll's estate in the west, and with which he was fi _ 

 liar, having resided as his grace's agent upon it, and he stated 

 that irrigation and horse-feeding were supposed to destroy the 

 procreatiye powers of cattle; and added, " The irrigation works 

 in Ayrshire are looked upon by practical farmers and good judges 

 with great suspicion, i.e., Messrs. Kennedy's and Telfer's. Mr. 

 Kalston's is upon the gravitation principle, and is most admired 

 and considered the most profitable. Indeed, the others are con- 

 sidered to be the reverse, even though Mr. Telfer sells his milk 

 at 6d. per Scotch pint; but no one can say without seeing the 

 honest balance-sheet." In justice, however, to Mr. Telfer, whose 

 extensive and exact knowledge of the sciences of chemistry and 

 physiology, and love of their pursuit, had, he had little doubt, 

 been the main instigation to him to undertake his wonderful 

 operations to illustrate "agricultural possibilities," at Cunning 

 Park, and with the purest motives to instruct and not mislead- 

 in justice to him he (Mr. Scott) should read part of a letter to him- 

 self, dated the 14th inst. That gentleman said, **I have hurriedly 

 read Mr. Lawes' paper, delivered at the Society of Arts, and agree 

 with him in what be says about the advantage of manuring up 

 to the point at which the plant is injured in its growth. It is 

 better to put a large quantity of manure on a small area than a 

 limited supply on a more 



value of their results. To the liquid form of appUctCi 

 attention was chiefly directed, but from the many pr«Z 

 difficulties which had been started, he was not very hopeiiU 

 speedy realisation of the advantages which the mwrTrfil 

 subject would lead us to expect. In the onset of any such tuZ 

 taking, it seemed pretty clear that unless the City of LoirfJiT 

 its own sanitary purposes, lent a strong helping hand tetkesrt 

 culturist, there was not much prospect of so large t m£ 

 being attempted ; there must be, in fact, a combination of kk 

 interests. Now, as to the theoretical value of this faZ 

 sewage, we learned from Mr. Lawes' Tables that etc* 

 individual in the course of the year supplied about ftjfetf 

 nitrogen and 4J lbs. of phosphates, which substanca wqiU 

 if available, be worth at least 4s. and 3d. respecting- ai 

 taking the population at 2,500,000, we had a money rtpmesv 

 tion of 531,250*. per annum. This was supposing there nm 

 loss of nitrogen in respiration, but this loss would be more tin 

 compensated by other refuse matters which flowed inst tfc 

 sewers along with human excreta. Then, again, 80 lbs. of iitr> 

 gen in the sewage, combined with the accompanying pbofifctfi 

 and alkalies, would be a most liberal manuring per acre forsy 

 description of crop ; 10 persons produced this quantity, cos» 

 quently 250,000 acres ought to be manured. Such capabilities' 

 manuring, and so large a money value, ought not, and we mpk 

 be allowed to hope would not, be eventually lost. The dusk 

 and the agriculturist recognised the value of this sewage, hS 

 they must look to the civil engineer for the means of applkttia 

 Mr. Way told us, in the early part of the evening, that wish 

 not to expect much advantage from the application of sevtgel 

 the low-lying alluvial lands near the Thames, as theycoaMo* 

 be properly drained for this purpose; and he (Mr. Way)diftrt 

 from the opinion of Mr. Lawes, and many others, in thinking M 

 it might be advantageously used for cereal crops; andhesaM 

 that he had arrived at this conclusion from the facts wakiki 

 had discovered in his investigation of the absorbent properties i 

 soils, and, therefore, especially recommended the use of sevtB 

 prior to the crops being sown. He (Mr. Paine) would be salt Si 

 adduce a few facts presently, illustrative and confirms!*? 4 

 Mr. Way's views, which, he considered, had a most i"P art ^ 

 bearing upon the useful application of liquid manure. BiMf 

 believed that the metropolitan sewage might be toiflWr 

 used as a manure to every crop, provided due regtfiwj 

 paid to the time and mode of distribution, and pwrosi 

 always that the land were, either naturally or aruMna> 

 drained, so as to ensure a porous subsoil manure- For* 



^tendTT^^ P art he would fearlessly place the sewage npoi Mh 



better to waste manure than Si ha* tiS acting S°SS SOil de8t,nfld f ° r r00t Cr0p8 »* * n * ~nvenient tto^Nj 

 view io the growth of iuiian^ ftS after the P lants came U P' ^f^^Jit 



factory results. I believe I couiT m« the wholeTioL S ml 5 n0t but refer t0 Mr ' Cainrs Valuable remark ' *£? , torn* 



cows in one acre of Italian Rye-grass , not on?y without T ' "*"" ™'~ **™~ "^ ^ *"*"* ^ ""^ * ^ 

 injury to the plant, but with a decidedly more profitable r 

 than if applied to a larger area." It must not, however, 

 this be supposed that Mr. Telfer would be able to feed his 48 cows 



?f ^k^IT f ™*™"*^ for »e ***■ by a report of the Board of 

 Health that he had always been under the necessity of pur- 

 chasing not only foreign cake, but home-grown corn and hay to 

 sustain his cattle under his present system. But even if this 

 irrigating system were found to be desirable and remunerative 



tH «n S rli carr y | ?« j^ ut generally would absorb more than all 

 the surplus capital of the kingdom. Take the case of the Duke 



blems of the day, and the offer of 1000J. for its solution ZmV 

 S. Brooks, of Manchester, remained unclaimed. But "the d£ 



& L ^7S I* l'JT- d »*i5h "J!" »- ft liberty to dogmatise^^rS t\^I"l^ Z 



starting the young root plants. Mr. Paine would ~ _ 

 few facts which had recently occurred on his own /» nn »™ 

 would tend to prove the soundness of Mr. Way's opinion* fjs^ 

 to the possibility of successfully using liquid manure wjj 

 crops, if placed upon the land at the proper time. 1. £f5fc 

 a gravelly soil, resting upon chalk, was manured, in ^PJ^ 

 1853, with about 8000 gallons of liquid per acre, from u* 

 yard tank. It was sown in the beginning of Noveiai* 

 Payne's "Defiance Wheat," the same sort that tM w- 

 Smith, of Lois Weedon, sowed in his experimental crop w ^ 

 year. It was a rather coarse variety. The rick wu* 

 produce of this field was threshed out in the autumn,"* ^ 

 was 64| bushels per acre, and was sold for 18?. per io 

 bushels. The crop of straw was fully 3 tons per acie. *• 

 of another large field of a similar geological ™ $ 

 had been in Italian Rye-grass for three years P^ M 

 the spring of 1853, and during this period it 



bid * 



sionally been liberally dressed with strong tanK b*^ ^ 



*ew«t« at the rate of 10,000 tons per acre, as proposed by M r 

 TSfJ*' W ** thn « concentrated on a single district, would not the 



T ha. \ T^ ^ e gre ' ter than thBt now "'"""g « the 

 yhames? Surely, If we were to pay fori 8 



to hare an euuiralent e" 



mile* around would be > 



value, and Its owners would indite the nnisance, as would all 



-■'-«» ' Duiwiy, it we wBre to pay Tor its removal, we were not 

 mi£ ™„y , " ,Tm l, eB v t •' 9 « wnprp wh ? residential proper." for 

 «& "° 2 n ,l W ' mW *• &T*? , 'i , . ed in lett8b,e » n d ^ simple 

 li il°M I, "1! WO "': 1 indi,e the nuisance, as would all 

 th. -» by ' wh ** h " b ? ro **' or rail, and who would answer for 



TObuTirT"' Wh ° Wm " d j " 8tify the «•»» «o the ge"erM 

 Lwi ' T^ h K* T(i no ,i n «erest in getting cheap bad milk near 



would t^V^l C ° ald . b3r "" « et n«tter from a distance It 

 would be seen by a letter be should presently read that tw n 



bur^ D lft H e «' ^ f U,herli%nd » nd Pro ^ Simpson of EdS 

 Si wlr^S /.^ a K* ins V n « fe«» irrigation of one of the 



u^Kiw 7 \ UVfiluau8e OI ine suture, in the meantime he 

 would venture to suggest that a Commission ot two first c^ 

 practical agriculturists, aided by a competent chemiTt and a 



tinentai towns-see how it wae disposed of, if used, and to ascer 

 he thSS W 8 - UntU SOffiethi ^ S this kind be done, we must" 

 onlv tfl !? COl :! ent t °v. 1 0b !, ain for »Sri«Hture from'ourS 

 2L , L"SS h .!?! 1 J ! m ? l . ter as . bl00d ^ atld > in uiany cases, night soil as 





was sown, late in the spring of 1853, with Wheat, Q¥Bi 



field was much blighted. Last year, 1854, the field ww» ^ ^ 

 Oats, and the part which had previously been maDur ^ h0 ^rf 



liquid grew the strongest crop of Oats he ever B * w - ^^i 

 the whole field was a good one; indeed, the a ^ r t j^^rti^ 



The strawy ^ 



j; inaeea, w<* " ' : :^ uortic- 



Oats on his farm was upwards of 13 quarters, bu tu »» ^ ^ 

 about 3 acres greatly surpassed any other. The stra ^p 

 6 feet high. 3. Another instance was on Hops, in a ^^ 

 ing another farmyard, in which there were spots wne ^^ 



we could intercept from the sewers, and which tha AbL». L & ? i *" s »"«"-««r ianuyara, in wmcu two* w»*» -r- rt naw 1 ^ 

 Sewerage commissioners might much facufu^ faulty near the surface, and ^ which were .^ 



we might interceDtfch«™d.m2t.wK-^ less fertile than the rest of the field, ^pon ^J*Z** 



winter time, when of course there was no growth ^JJ^W 



ght intercept the sediment by an inexpensiVe process i whirh 

 he purposed recommending to the notice of tKn? 



^ir,r^ V T ent in /™"" leads^toThe con TusioTTst" 

 That precipitation produced an inferior manure U id Uh 



not pay tor preparing; 2nd. That open-dra?n, mul-water 



l7 tt i";r"V'f na ™ tm ««'calnienhad irrigation would not be tolerated -aril Th«f ' ' < . Wftter 

 and th- rf-T2LVvr, r Lawes had shown that it would not 



^JwTca^at^ 



^T^1SteilK d n - w L! n r w; n r ermp - ant that H 



«ost-»t that rate- if ^m.„ d 7T. c i' *.*" the P r,nci P*t item of 



con!r?p P S ^th™^;i f g r;u^Usn7a«lT ca ? ieMOf 1 ,i « nt,and 



rate of 10^00 ton, , g n Icre as snX'^V n °« Ve , n then ftt the 

 would cost !(:«.*%* JTS, S, \*t by J i r La * es ' wl,ich 

 "howerer, and no doubt wTth 'a nrefi flt^*** more8 P"'-ingly, 

 ■been in th« habit, for r, ot 6 %JS ? rf . • 7 Cr0ps ' He ll4d 

 ««. of Tnnt^Ta unltal y with ^£dwT?" g , V pw ' rd8 of " ° 

 «sing .boat tfiiTSS- Vw.^?S n S^^SL d "T ri, dril L' 

 -ign.1 succe* ; but he nerer could get it dU ributed at^ 7^ 

 •bout to. per acre, nor di.i he expect to dHo evln ,i!JL^ ^ a 

 »« nearly ten times Mr. Chadwick's nriw 11^^"? H 1 " 



doubtfully remnneratire on anv, impracticable on I i!. ' WaS 

 and would create an indicta'b e nuUance 4th i ?* *' a,e 

 solid, and settled sediment inexp^ivL yTbiained JeTX* 

 the only residue we could secure out of this mine oS tS i ' , en ' 

 It was a scientific mistake to nviWhZltovS^l^*; 

 of manure containing by analysis S.e element of fiihw Sr^ 



SwCsssSitsn svsrs ssr SMS 



as rich as that ^^jC^fflg 



artry 

 stones had been gathered"off the land 



bri"**** 



poorest solid manure might produce a benefiri.i ^ ' 7 T , 

 stewartry of Kirkcudbright h» t.S te„ i^fi f fftCt - , In fhe 



" a '""' Kh( - r '-- after the 



and unproductive, and these had toHk , J^7toK n T* bI ? 

 bed. And in Kent he had seen W J, l^ ». tb ««- oripnal 





.sute, where flints were obug^ &Sk5h?i,2tS^ W ' 

 reasons, after having been sold for road metal Z' .,, tne ,f ai ? e 

 bulk of Mr. Wicksteed's precipiuted mam*.* ,M ter * H ' the 

 its chief valne, and thns prsctkall, %S Z ft* const » ute 

 -tTttel dm**. A fc P w e 3 peri 7 me q nU Uf ;ould e Zn7 T ^ 



liquid from the manure tank was purope d DnD , 



during two successive winters, and the r 68111 /??^- f the - . 

 these poorer spots of land to the average fertnn? ^ g g^ 



garden. He, Mr. Paine, regarded these " fact8 ,^ fl *&** 

 as highly confirmatory of his friend Professor \N ay* ^ 

 in the laboratory, and he could confidently recoup ^^g 

 the attention of his brother famere, and he Jiopeu tf g# 

 tend to lead others to make similar experiments, * ^cr 



fest that the safe application of liquid manure *^ion. H««5 

 had a most important bearing on the sewage ^"f ' frien&J? 

 only add another word in conclusion. Some ; 01 ^d\ r 6f* 

 had risited his farm might ask him why he naa f ^ in j^m 



tinued the use of liquid manure. His »n 8 . we ^*„ s tible &W * 

 aid of Mr. Way he had discovered an «exhaw ^j 

 soluble silica on his estate. It was a porou 8 w*^ 



respects, to charcoal, especially in ;" d ^3 i«*J£ 

 3nt characters. He. therefore, now grouoa ^^ » ^ 



powder, and the liquid manure from the * aD *V mois t se*** 

 This enabled him to give all his root crops* ^ q» 

 highly stimulating properties. It mlgnt jeew ^1^5 

 thus fell back upon manures obtained by »"^ eII eeio«Y - 

 of which from sewage he deprecated at the con ^ ^^ 

 remarks. But, then, let it be remembered, lu ^^ ^ 

 was on the farm, and, therefore, the cost or *" 

 very trifling expense. 



many 

 absorbent 



