:20 



the 



GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.^ 



in trees 



fact 

 bark can be peeled into such strips as 



are made from, and & wch as have hitherto 

 most heard of come chiefly from India, 

 only because «■•« L-now more of the non- 



■Mi 



been 

 it if 



[April 7 



m <»t delude 



erejMture "o7Vuch appear- young state", the structure of which was «„!, ^J* 



who., inner [might -t^duete thence H-rfj- ^/ = ] g* -^ 



Roaaia 



with the cyst was 

 or reticulated c 



ances. 



It is extremely easy to confo 



ances. it i> —» r — ' ~.' h m i s takes are often , to believe that tne anomalous conaition of th 

 cells with mycelium and uc n m however wag dae to lhe prese nce of the Vibrio, the « 



made. After long examination w»^e , m : nntjin<lsa of which makes it verv imn^.u 



commeicial products of the old than of the new made. A «"?-— liura , 



"thanks to the experiments and inquiries convinced that there * a, ,jo y ]usive as to any remedy could be 



ualTmaking by the officers of the East India application of ^"^J ^rt^ membranes became as to require one. 1 



improbahl 



IClQfc 



Mer 



Company, ant most especially of late years by Dr. 



Royle. There can be no doubt that an article of 



the same class as the Russian mat, and of far better 



quality, can be manufactured in India from the 



basts 'that are procurable in all directions. The 



only difficulty would be the cost of freight. H hether 



it could be brought in Europe into competition with 



the very indifferent Russian mat, we are unable to 



say ; but there can be no doubt that were that 



possible, there would be a ready sale for such a 



production, at even a higher price, provided r 



and durability were increased in proportion 



chants alone know whether such an import, nwu 



come profitably as dunnage, and therefore at little 



cost, and to them must be left the solution of the 



question. . 



It must not, however, be supposed that this is a 

 matter interesting only to us English; it is in 

 reality a great colonial question, for we find that 

 Russia exports about three millions and a half 

 of mats annually, of which from 300,000 to 600 000 

 are consumed in the United Kingdom. iVothing 

 produced naturally in this country can be converted 

 into such an article. We have of late been forced 

 into the use of the light woollen canvas called frigi 

 domo, but the quality of that article is already so 

 deteriorated that it will probably soon cease to be in 

 demand, and then we shall feel the want of mats 

 more than ever. It is possible, indeed, to manufac- 

 ture our own straw mats, and for winter covering 

 they are excellent; but they are too opaque for 

 shading, an< I give the gardener no aid when he looks 

 round for something inexpensive with which he can 

 tie up his trees or his produce. Mats, therefore, 

 may be considered indispensable horticultural lm- 



the Doint, since the connecting . 



visibC and the supposed threads acquired a deep 



v sible, ana me vv ^ su lphunc 



Sd • ^d S wa n s evSent that a growth of loose cells 

 Jad iaSn place within the ducts, probably for the 

 uMmafc deposition of fecula, as in some Legu- 

 minosT Our attention had, however been drawn 

 S certin little cyst-like bodies, much larger than 



Bu^^catcu were ine evil ft* 



be Vibrio was not seen exeat 

 in a very young state ; any attempt, therefore^ 

 ascertain the species, supposing it to be describe 

 is hopeless. 



The articulated appearance, after the fashion 4 

 Cephaelis, often assumed ^ by Melon roots, qm 

 possibly arise from some similar cause. We du 

 hope on some future occasion to examine 

 phenomenon. 



We have represented in the annexed figure tfe 

 general appearance of the production, of the natid 

 size, omitting, however, for the sake of distinct*. 

 many of the nodules ; a section through one of fa 

 cysts with the surrounding tissue magnified ; a p*. 

 tion of the eggs and the young Vibrios themalr* 

 as seen when treated with iodine and sulphuric 

 acid ; and also a portion of thedelicate tissue ah* 

 mentioned more highly magnified. It should be 

 observed that this latter presents very diffe 

 appearances in different parts ; in some, the oatliu 

 of the cells are as represented in the figures, ii 

 others the tips of the cells are sharply pointed ; ud 

 while the generality of them merely exhibit tn» 

 verse lines, as from a spiral thread, some of tta 



Qro AcMnateAv reticulated. M. J* J3. 



a good substitute. 



earnestly nope 

 it Indian possess 





the mouths of the ducts, which were themselves of 

 considerable size, and to our great surprise it 

 appeared that these cysts were regular membranous 

 sacs, exactly resembling the sporangia of Truffles, 

 and filled with a multitude of minute elliptic or 



The following announcements appeared the other 

 day in the Globe : — " We have reason to Mien 

 that the Hon. James Kenneth Howard will raced 

 Mr. T. F. Kennedy in the office of Commissioner af 

 Woods and Forests. We have much satisfaction 

 stating that Sir John Herschel will be succeeded i 

 Master of the Mint by the distinguished Prof — 





The roots of a variety of plants are subject to 

 excrescences of different size, form, and character. 

 Some of these, as in Leguminosse and Conifers, are 

 mere modifications of the branchlets of the roots 

 themselves, and are either normal or due to peculiar 

 circumstances in which the plant may be placed. In 

 the former case they are probably reservoirs of nutri- 

 ment, in the latter from their abundant reticulated 

 cells, homologous with those of the aerial roots of 

 Orchids, there can be no doubt that they perform 

 some important economical function. There are, 

 however, many other tumours which are evidently 

 of insect origin, and some which are mere hyper- 

 trophies, or whose nature is still doubtful. Some of } 

 these so closely resemble fungi that they have been 

 placed by Fries in his genus Mylitta, and we have 

 one now before us, in which such a curious resem- 

 blance occurs to the fructification of some smooth- 

 seeded Truffle that a youg botanist might almost 

 be excused were he to fall into error. Amongst a 

 quantity of Cucumber plants in the garden at 

 Nuneham, Mr. Baily observed, a few days since, 

 one whose leaves were covered with brown spots, 

 some of which occurred also on the stem. The 

 frame was slightly affected with Thrips, but 

 there waa no circumstance to account for the un- 

 healthy state of this individual plant, and on closer 

 examination the root was found to be covered with 

 excrescences varying from the size of a small pin's 

 head to that of a little Bean or Nutmeg. The roots 

 of Melons, Gourds, and many allied Cucurbits, have 

 a peculiar odour when healthy, resembling very 

 closely that of the pith of the common Rush ; but 

 in this case there was a hot acrid smell, like that 

 which is so common in Crucifers. 



The tubercles were of a dirty cream colour, nearly 

 globose, obscurely furfuraceous, and in almost every 

 were developed on one side of the root, as was 

 very evident in the younger individuals; but the 

 tame fact might be traced even in the largest. A 

 section exhibited irregular, radiating, whitish, and 

 sometimes snow white masses of vascular tissue 

 with numerous large open ducts intercepted by 

 loose cellular tissue, simulating in arrangement me- 

 dullary rays, and passing gradually into a thick 



Graham, of University College, now one of m 

 Assay ere." 



The latter of these appointments does great h<wt 

 to Lord Palmerston. A man more highly qualified 



„ than Mr. Graham for the important post to witt 



slightly cymbiform eggs, averaging not more than he has been advanced could not have been select* 



' 5 tht of an inch in length, with a breadth Ag a pro f OUI1( i chemist he is intimately acquair 

 of *fo. In many of these the nucleus already ■' ' 



showed the form of a Vibrio, folded up once 



and several of the animals were 



with the great processes over which he is now 

 preside, and the public service cannot but derm 40 

 or twice, and several or me animais wwe t h e advantages which scientific refinement, combuiai 

 free, though still of small size, having escaped with pract i ca l experience, can bring with U ti 

 from the eggs by a little circular aperture at one vast a su t>j e ct as our coinage. In short .Ytoim 



Graham is a worthy successor to Sir John HtfscflBj 

 and the appointment is the more to be ipptowwj 

 that it was made without the aid of politi* 



influence. . .. 



But what are we to say of the other nom» 

 The officer under whom the management on* 

 Royal Forests is placed should have attainments 



high 



Unless 



the science 





order as well as me mas 

 he is conversant with 



of mines, and iW 



forestry, the working 



flu** 



Is I 



economy, to say nothing of the control o 

 property, he does not possess the quaimc*- 

 indispensable in so peculiar a charge. ^ 

 Honourable James Kenneth Howard a m» 

 these branches of knowledge ? We are not tn ^ 

 persons unable to answer that question f fc 

 observe that Mr. Craufurd has given _ none 



ment in question 





extremity. The cyst was destitute of any evident 

 organic structure, was not affected by iodine and 

 sulphuric acid, but showed some appearance of 

 giving way under caustic potash. It was clear, then, 

 that it did not consist of cellulose, but might possibly 

 be some modification of xylogen. It is not conceiv- 

 able that such a cyst could have been deposited by 

 the Vibrio itself, and we must therefore consider it 

 as due to the irritation caused by the presence of 

 the eggs, and exactly analogous to the cysts pro- 

 duced by the larvae of the cestoid worms in animal 

 structures. We are not aware that anything of the 

 kind has ever been observed before in vegetable 

 parasites ; for though the tissues of vegetables are 

 r parenchymatous cells, especially on I greatly altered by the presence of the larvae which 

 the side of the tubercle where the swelling had ! produce galls, it does not appear that they ever give 

 first taken place. On a miuute examination of the rise to a free cyst, as in the present case differing 

 tissues the first pomt worthy of remark was the altogether from the surrounding tissues. In imme- 



enormous development of the vascular tissnp and a - ■ m , ; — z 7; — ; — rr — — — 



A *k * r 4k j * ^•M.uidr ife&ae, anu a » Threads of mycelium rarely, fever, turn blue on the annlira- 



second that many of the duets, both in the tubercles tion of iodine and sulphuric acid. T if ^tty W P frSi 



and the unaffected portions of the roots were tra- ! nitrogenous matter they will do so. Every doubtful case should 



versed apparently by altitudes of threads. It was a ^Zl^X^t t£t3gg£«im tho 8e of the 



question, taerefore, whether the morbid bodies 



m of Parliament w »j m. 



liieuL iu <£ueauuti« As iar as we jg sos* 



formed we can only say that Mr. »°J** MaqC 

 the Earl of Suffolk, son-in-law ot tne ^ 



Lansdowne, and brother-in-law of Low ^ 

 and of the Honourable Charles Oott ^ 

 Commissioner of Woods and F° res \ s ; *&&*?* 

 which is certain is, that he enjoys tne * ^^ 

 high connections. Let us hope i that u ^ ^ 

 gentleman is equally provided "« 



requisites of his office. 



VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY-^ ^ v 



plants, \^ 



289. Variegatio. 



Phamosamous P^B 

 exceptions, in a state of health and duly ^^ 

 influence of light, exhibit in their eaves ^ ^ 

 other organs a green tint of gr eft ^j 



ri 



called 



a peculiar substance caliea ch ^i(e^S 

 various modifications as regard* colour, ^t 



in some 

 certain. 



itirdy 



rever, »eeui w w-— 

 mere receptacle for «■ 



darf^ 



do not seem 

 colourless. 



to exist in 



cells 





290. Chlorophyll seems to ^itSfc^ 



that of Lichens At least 



not 



uman thread-vorm, whose dimension 3 



u* 



of Pfcoenogams. 



The globules mo 



