



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



247 



the barren orbit of the marked 



iS-heel, andso slips the yoke of « Hard-labour' 



for 



evermore 



S?hMt a practical commentary upon the < punishment' 



c vLrd-labour'! What a justification of itself by 



i natural Truth ! Naturum expellas furcd, 



Tmmlme remrret. You may drive out Nature, but 



i5ll be up and at you again ! You may drive it out from 



vnnr universities, and teach your lawmakers every- 



V <r but the simplest natural truths that preside over 



Tffeliition of rasa, body and mind, with the laws of the 



Averse around him. They shall talk of Physics, and 



Metaphysics, and be ignorant of the most ordinary laws 



AfbouV and then they shall sit upon a Parliamentary 



Committee, aud produce you such a struggling modicum 



of wisdom as this— 



t* Thp Committee concurs with some of the most experienced 



•hitsU thev have examined, in the opinion that the great 



Vitro' convicted prisoners an p< n to th same good motives 



ZTaood imputes that influence other hv man beings (J ), and there- 



f rp that a system of encouragement to good conduct and en- 



Aavour to inspire feelings of self-respect, self-reliance, and 



Sinfulness, * hlch liave been tried in Bonie of 01ir lar & esli esta_ 

 fcuSmeiits, ought to be adopted as far as practicable."* 



Read this, shade of Howard ! nearly three genera 



was almost without a pedigree. Again 1 

 remark' that in the latter year, at the same society's 

 show, Mr. Bell obtained the first prize for his bull 

 calf General Sale, of which the sire was the Duke of 

 Northumberland, and the dam was by Cleveland Lad ; 

 and that at the Royal Agricultural Society's meeting at 

 Liverpool in 1841 a bull belonging to Mr. Bates also 

 took the prize of 30 sovereigns. Latterly, Mr. Bates 

 became indifferent about showing, as indeed who would 

 not be after winning so many first prizes as be had 

 done ? Independently of the heart-burning, the jealousy, 

 the expense, and the risk always incident to showing, 

 the system, as at present carried out, involves perma- 

 nent injury to the animals exhibited, because, in order 

 to insure a fair chance of success, it is absolutely 

 necessary to make them fatter than they ought to be 

 for breeding purposes. Important as this point is, I have 

 not space to consider it here, within the limits which I 

 have assigned to myself, and I must therefore content 

 myself with expressing my conviction that if the really 

 useful qualities of short- horns are to be maintained, 

 tire present system of forcing them in order to win pre- 

 miums must be altogether abandoned. 

 The facts which I 



have just adduced prove that, in 



fions after you had wandered through the prisons ol the | the opiuion of the j udges at our agricultural shows, the 

 ^hMiil striven in vain to persuade mankind that the anima j s of the Duchess tribe held a pre-eminent place. 



earth and stm 



bird though caged, was still a bird, that every 'old bird ' 

 was 'once a * young bird, and that the bird that won't sing 

 can be nude to sing by earty teaching, and can never 

 be made to sing by mere punishment, which, indeed, 

 never produced "one song yet ; and that " no song, no 

 supper " is a good maxim all the world over, the prison 

 world included. How the old birds grow from young 

 birds, and how the young birds come to be old birds let 

 the following extracts show. 



"One plain fact showing the extent to which crime is caused 

 by the neglect of children, is the large number of Orphans 

 always to he found in prison. Out of seventy boys and ffirls under 

 eighteen years of age in the prison, fifty had lost one or both 

 parents ; and tlie greater portion of the parents who were living 

 were of bad character/'! 



And again : — 



"Of children trained at all aright, the number is small indeed 

 whom we have had the pain of seeing here : but where any pains 

 hive been bestowed even by one parent, the last thing forgotten 

 in all the recklessness of profligacy is the prayer or hymn taught 

 by a mothers lips; and the most poi? ant sting of conscience 

 in solitude and adversity is what the memory of filial disobe- 

 dience inflicts."]: 



Are there no waste lands in Great Britain and Ire- 

 land where the busy fingers of inchoate crime may be 

 reconciled to useful labour, and the brains belonging to 

 those fingers be taught really to know, as a practical 

 tnth, that Honesty is the best policy? It is but to 

 know that ! Not to know it, is the i;norance that leads 

 to all crime : and to rescue from crime ' one of the 

 least of these ' may indeed in a double sense of truth be 

 called a charity that * covereth a multitude of sins;' 

 since, it has been ascertained that to cure one criminal 

 is, on a proved average, to prevent fifty crimes. It is 

 like 'killing a wasp in March/ which is said to 'take a 

 whole nest without gunpowder/ And if there be a:i 

 occupation that can turn (he wasp into a Ice, it is that 

 first and best of arts that soils but not contaminates, 

 that separates, but without solitude, that invites toil yet 

 assuages and llludes it, that gives the help of a sound 

 body towards the restoration of a sound mind ; and 

 the prolonged engagement in which, is consistent with 

 and favourable to the exercise on the part of the super- 

 visor, of the three essentials of Reformatory Discipline 

 of the young offender, viz.. Kindness, Firmness, and 

 HOPE. H. 



I now proceed to what I consider a still more decisive 

 test of their merits, I mean the prices which the public 

 have been willing to pay for them as breeding stock. 

 The second Duke of Oxford (9046) was a son of the 

 Duke of Northumberland, out of Cleveland Lad's sister. 

 He was himself only second to his sire in appearance, 

 and in his turn became the sire of many first-rate and 

 high priced animals. Among the cows by him, I 

 will only name Duchess 59 th, which was sold at 

 Lord Ducie's sale for 350 guineas, and Duchess 



which 



54 tb, 





guineas, 

 fetched the still higher price of 000 

 guineas. I desire to call especial attention to his 

 son, fourth Duke of York, which at nearly eight 

 years old, an age when numbers of excellent bulls are 

 consigned to the butcher, made at Lord Ducie's sale 

 500 guineas. At Mr. Bates's sale that noble earl was by 

 some persons deemed extravagant because he gave 200 

 guineas for him. Yet the event proved him trium- 

 phantly right, inasmuch as, independently of a numerous 

 progeny of extraordinary excellence which he gained 

 by his purchase, he more than doubled his original cost. 

 Duchess 66th, which sold for 700 guineas, the highest 

 price ever given for a cow, was in my opinion the most 

 perfectly lovely short-horn ever seen. Along with her 

 may be mentioned another daughter of the fourth 

 Duke, Duchess 69th, which fetched the enormous price 

 of 400 guineas, although only five months old. These 

 sums far exceed those given at Charles Colling's sale, 

 where the highest price given for a cow was for Lily, 

 which fetched 410 guineas, while no heifer calf made 

 more than 106 guineas. Here it may be interesting to 



Glo'ster, for example. As lar as my experience goes, 

 it is "possible by a ju licious 'selection of larents to 

 remedy this deficiency ill the offspring. For instance, 

 I have a cow whose sire was not of Mr. Bates's pure 

 blood, while her dam and grand-dam were of his blood ; 

 she is herself excellent in the fore -quarters, a deep 

 milker, and a very fine animal altogether. By a 

 pure Bates bull she has had a prize heifer, and she is 

 now in calf again to one of that tribe. I have another 

 cow of the highest pedigree, being by 4th Duke of 

 York (1 0,167) and of the finest quality, very lengthy aud 

 an excellent handler. It would be difficult for the most 

 fastidious to find a fault in her, unless she might be 

 thought somewhat light in the forequarter. She is in 

 calf to the Dm e of Glo'ster (1 1,382) whose depth there 

 is extraordinary. 



The prolific qualities of the Duchess tribe are at least 

 equal to those of other short-horns. Thus it appears 

 from the "Herd-book 1 ' that Duchess 51st produced six 

 calves in seven years. That 28 females of the tribe 

 should not have bred at all is so extraordinary a state- 

 ment that I was led into inquiry as to its correctness ; I 

 find that of this number five or six heifers were choked 

 at cue time by eating too greedily of Turnip tops. 

 Suppose an equal number to have died from natural 

 causes, and that as many more were either fed for the 

 butcher, or by being prepared for show were rendered 

 prematurely fat, this materially reduces the number of 

 those which would not breed, if indeed, which I cannot 

 learn, that were the case with any. Mr. Bates, more- 

 over, somewhat hasty in his proceedings, and having a 

 large number to choose from, at once discarded a cow 

 which showed any reluctance to breed. At Tortworth 

 Duchess 55th had not had a calf at the time of the sale for 

 three years, and having been for some time out of health, 

 it was thought she might never have another. The 



ri 



consequence was that she only fetched 50 guineas, and 

 that actually being in calf at the time, she was the best 

 purchase made at that wonderful sale. Willoughly Wood, 

 Holly Bank, Bart on- on- Trent. [We understand that 

 Duchess 55 has not had a calf since the Tortworth sale.] 





OBSERVATIONS ON 



STAT1STICS.- 



AGBICULTURAL 

 By H. R. Lack. 



(Concluded from p. 227.) 



3. Land Cultivated and Uncultivated. — One-half 

 the area of Great Britain is stated to be occupied by 

 farms. The hill pastures are not included in the farms 

 to which they are attached. 



The following are the proportions of territory occupied 

 by farms in Great Britain, England and Wales, and 

 Scotland, respectively : — 



Great Britain 

 England and Wales 

 Scotland 



Or one half of the territory of Great Britain, two-thirds 



• • • 



■ • . 



• ■ • 



• • - 



• • • 



• • • 



0.507 

 0.667 

 0.209 



more than lub guineas, were it may oe mieresung i« ^ one fifth of ScotlalldB 



note, that at the same sale the highest priced heiier was f h J estiinated numb ' er of acres under cultivation, as 



THE DUCHESS TRIBE OF SHORT-HORNS. 



I fear that your correspondent Mr. Daly may still 

 consider any information I have to communicate re- 

 specting the " Duchess " tribe somewhat scanty. Mr. 

 •bates is dead, and breeders too seldom keep any written 

 record of their proceedings, of the views on which they 

 ^H of their successes or of their failures. This is 

 gttatly to be regretted, inasmuch as a history of their 

 experience could scarcely fail to afford material assist- 

 *jjj* to their successors. With regard to the Duchess 

 ^ e, however,) our correspondent has been misinformed 

 en he has been told they were never first-prize 

 **ers at the national shows. At the first meeting of 

 ** -Koyal Agricultural Society at Oxford, the Duke 

 Northumberland (1040) took the first prize as the 



jjj? . of , an y a S e - Two Duchesses also took first 

 ]^ Ze * ln their respective classes, and of five premiums 



ifff v 0xfori1 ' Mr - B;lteB carried off four ! The 

 *e of Northumberland also took the prize as the best 

 ^ear-old and the best aged bull at the Yorkshire 

 the b V meetiu 8 s > when his dam also took the prize as 

 exhihV C ° W ' ^ ^ ar as snort -h° rns are concerned, the 

 the t] of tnis society rank quite as high as those of 



North f Agricultural, Yorkshire, Durham, and the 

 treed T gland generally being the stronghold of the 

 has be V* as na Ppc"ed before now, that a cow which 

 been b^ victress a * the latter of these societies, has 

 8eas eat ^ at the former in the course of the same 

 it jg ' Although not belonging to the Duchess tribe, 

 (3408 . irrelevant t0 mention that 2d Cleveland Lad 



Young Duchess, the original of the tribe, for which 

 Mr. Bates gave the large sum of 183 guineas, which 

 was by his friends considered an act approaching to 

 insanity. Yet, whenever the progeny of that heifer 

 have come into the market, they have always beeu sold 

 for prizes continually progressive up to the present 

 day. I consider that the fourth Duke of York was the 

 finest bull of our day, and that he was the sire of more 

 stock of a superior and even quality than any other. 

 He died on his passage to America last year. Many 

 persons, however, considered that he was surpassed by 

 another bull of the same tribe, the Duke of Glo'ster 

 (11,382), which at the same sale fetched 650 guineas. 

 However this may be, the world may safely be challenged 

 to produce two other animals their equals, either for 

 their interior merits or the evenly high quality of their 



stock. 



I consider Mr. 



When 



returned by the farmers, in Great Britain in 1851 was 

 29,21 3,312, and the number uncultivated or unaccounted 



for 28,411,065. 



The table below (No. 3) shows the proportion of 

 cultivated and uncultivated land in each division of 

 Great Britain, in the year 1851 : — 



Table III. 



Divisions. 



Estimated No. of No. of acres 

 acres under culti- uncultivated 



England and Wales 



Scotland 



Islands in the Bri- 

 tish Seas 



vation as returned 

 by farmers. 



Wl 



i„ l8 ^ ameda second premium in 1843, and a first prize 



b ecau8f N * fc ki tbe York8hire Societv's meetings, both 



th *Dueh d Wa8 lar ^ el 7 interchanged *iiE tl,afc of 



P°tled t f 88e . 8 »f n ^ a s showing that public opinion sup- 

 c h«ce of m . i(lual judgment of Mr. Bates in his 

 — * n an imal, which, as vou have yourself re- 



<%U_u/ ,n °*rtoa_>e of t among Committee on Prison Dls- 



These facts contain the reason why 

 Bates's herd superior to any other of our time, 

 did any other cows fetch such prices as these ? 

 other herd can produce bulls like the Dukes of North- 

 umberland, of Oxford, of York, and of Glo'ster ? Nor 

 must the sire of the latter, Grand Duke (10,284), be 

 forgotten, which, apart from the excitement of public 

 competition, was sold by private contract for 1000 

 guineas ! The late Lord Spencer remarked that many 

 defects were visible in a male animal which would not 

 have been perceivable in an ox. To produce perfect 

 males is therefore the highest test of the merits of any 

 tribe, as it is the perfection of a male to impress his 

 own character on his progeny. In this latter respect the 

 bulls of Mr. Bat. s descent are surpassed by no others. 



Mr. Daly considers the Duchess tribe slightly deficient 

 in the thighs and forequarters. A certain degree of 

 lightness in the former part is the almost invariable 

 characteristic of a cow that milks well, let the bri I be 

 what it may. On the contrary, whenever a cow has 

 thighs like a' bullock, there is th# strongest presumption 

 that she is no milker. That the Duchesses were noted 



Great Britain 



24,905,758 

 4,188,578 



118,976 



or unac- 

 counted for. 



12,419,157 

 15,858,884 



133,024 



Total 



acres of 



territory. 



37,324,915 

 20,047,462 



252,000 



29,213.312 



28,411,065 1 57,624,377 



tBevMrV^ 1 "' mn ' Beport for 1815. 

 «. Kingsmill, chaplain at Pentonvi 



Pentonville. 1846. 



in their early days for their milking powers, we learn 

 from the pamphlet of the Rev. H. Berry. I know that 

 they have not lost them now ; and 1 have been assured, 

 on the highest authority, that during the preparation of 

 the Tortworth herd for sale, it was no easy matter to 

 dry them, as was necessary, in order to put that " bloom" 

 unon them which the public taste demands. For my 

 own part, I much prefer a good milker to a cow with 

 thighs like a fat bullock, but which is unable to rear its 

 own calf. As to lightness of fore-quarters, that is a 

 defect common, though not universal, among the highest 

 bred short-horns. Many animals of the tribe we are 

 considering are very good in that point, as the Duke of 



Xote.—ln addition to the number of acres farmed in Scotland 

 there were 1.662.491 acres of pasture or moor land, making in all 

 a total of 5^51,069 acres under cultivation of some kind in Scot- 

 land in 1851. A considerable addition may also be made to the 

 number of aci farmed in England and Wales, on the assump- 

 tion that many of the farmers did not return the acreage of 

 pasture or moor land held by them in addition to the number ot 

 aci actually fanned. 



In the year 1827 the amount of land under cultiva- 

 tion in Great Britain was estimated to be 34,397,690 

 acres, and that uncultivated and waste 23,554,799 acres, 

 making a total of 57,952,489 acres. This estimate is in 

 excess of the recent returns made by the farmers to the 

 census office, and appears to be rather a high one. 

 Taking the better means possessed by the census com- 

 missionew for obtaining information on this point into 

 consideration, there is no doubt that the returns for 



1851 are the most correct. 



4 Labourers on Farms.— The number of labourers 

 on farms, males and females, in the year 1851, was as 

 follows : — 



Females. 



OcCtrATIONS. 



Out-d^or agricultural la- 

 bourers, including shep- 

 her 



In-door farm servants 



Occupied in the woods fl 



woodmen, «&c 



Under 

 years 

 of age. 



14,826 

 64,713 



Total 



i Males, 1,271,816 



(1% males 199,168 



Of the total number of farmers returned to the census 

 commissioners in 1851, 128,096 were stated as employ- 

 ing no labourers, and it may therefore be supposed 

 that they were small farmers who did the manual 



