250 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



experience in the growth of Turnips, during which period he had 

 tried almost every plan in existence, he had arrived at the con- 

 clusion that the bes* vstem for general adoption was that 

 described by M r. Bennett. With regard to the relative merits of 

 the flat tem of drilling, he could state that it was considered 

 the best in the West of En and : and the old sy a of sowing 

 Turnips without manure was nearly obsolete. 



Mr. Wood ( - l x) remarked that he farmed that description 

 of soil which Mr. Bennett considered it hardly expedient to 

 cultivate Turnips upon to any extent — he meant a stiff clay soil ; 

 perhaps It might be unprofitable to do so merely for the 

 sake of root crops, but taking it altogether, and considering the 

 cleansing it gave the land, it answered his purpose to cultivate 

 it in that way. He believed the autumn was the best season for 

 that purpose. As to ploughing the land deeply, he coinc' d 

 with Mr. JVnnett that it increased t. value of the soil. His 

 (Mr. Wood's) system was to plough gradually deeper and deepei 



and subsoil afterwards, h had not yet tried the liquid manors 

 •ystem, hut he should like to know whether by that era the 



seed would not in some cases malt or sprout, without taking root, 

 and then die from the drought around. He always ploughed on 

 the flat, and not on the ridge; for he never drilled in ;eed till 

 ■iter the land had been worked down for a considerable time, so 

 as to have the moisture near the top and in contact with the seed, 

 lie considered the most econon il mode of cultivating roots 

 depended mi i on the nature of the soil, and that what r the 

 plan adopted it should be in the autumn. 



Mr. ChaRL! How i> said, that he had taken great interest 

 In the cultivation i I tirnip*. Ills farm was a really sharp 

 grave!, notwithstanding Mr. Bennett's thinking the contrary. In 

 fact it had always b« i cor iered a burning toil. When he fir.-t 

 entered on it he used to plough In the regular way, 4 or 5 inche 

 deeming it suffi ut to get the laud up b* re Christmas. For 

 seme time he pursued that jog-trot 03 stem; but after reading a 

 food deal of what passed m that Club, he put a stop to it r and com- 

 menced the system of autumn*] cultivation. He had been very 



successful; and he considered that success depended upon the 



following course ot Deration— autumnal cultivation, deep winter 

 p 1 ighing, wide intervals, early -wing, and choice of seed, all 

 of which important matters ought to he kept in view in cultivat- 

 ng Turnips. He used to sow his Turnip a June, latterly he 

 had commenced in May. He had tried Chandler's drill, but 

 without the ben* al results he had anticipated; probably that 

 through his inexperience in its management. He intended 

 trying again this year. For some year be had experimented in 



♦he cultivation of Turnips, both on the flat and on the ridge 

 system, an I had found that a greater weight was to be grown on the 

 ridge, with much less manure, because the manure was imme- 

 diately under tin; Turnip. By having them at wider intervals 

 the hind could be better watered; the most th uld do on the 



fiat was to hoe once or twice, on the ridge they might hoe three or 

 four times. 



Mr. BustO* remarked that his Turnips were sown about 26 or 

 27 inches apart on the flat, the same as on the ridge. 



Mr. Thomas, after statin:: that he had been a large and roe- 

 oessfnl grower of Tumi .aid that five or six-and-twenty year 



■> he happen, d to be in the neighbourhood of Worksop," Not- 

 tinghamshire, when he was impressed with the exti y 

 quality of the T= lipi Town there, the cleanliness of the soil, 

 and the success which invariably attended the farmers in the 

 production of the roots. On inquiry he found that their almost 

 uniform plan was to spply the farmyard dung mnde in the 

 previous year to the Clover h before the sowing of Wheat, 

 and that the Turnips were grown by the application of bone-dust 

 to the ridge. He tried this system himself, and had better crop 

 than he ever had by any other plan. 



Mr. Little (Wilts) said it appeared to him that on two points 

 they all seem d to agree— autumnal cultivation and clean culti- 

 vation. With respect to Chandler's liquid-manure drill, he could 

 say that it had accomplished great good in his county, and was 

 an immense boon to the light-land farmer; in fact, it had reduced 

 to a certain t- se culture of the Turnip upon that description of 

 soil. On the largo forms in Wiltshire the ridge system was 

 seldom adopted; the Turnips were drilled on th>> flat, and the 

 artificial manure, generally applied bv means of I 'handler's drill, 

 was superphosphate with a little guano. With regard to the 

 seed malting, he had never seen it on light soils. He had never 

 lost a plant from the use of the water drill, but from the dry drill 

 he bad lost many. 



Mr. Owen hire) considered that the application of 



sufficient can dung to the Wl t crop was the ground- work < 

 the root crop the following year. He thought' that artificial 

 manures were the cheapest manures that could he put upon the 

 land tor T nips. Having been one of the ritst to use Mr. 

 Chandlers drill, he conld speak with the utmost satisfaction of 

 its value; and if had tl* necessary enpplv of water on Ml farm 

 he would not put in Turudps under any other system. 



Mr. Chandler (inventor of the drill bearing I name) said 

 he knew of but two eases where his drill had tailed, and one of 

 them was Mr. Howards. He was unacquainted with the natnre 

 of that gentleman's land, but he (Mr. Howard) had described it 

 as a sharp gravel or building hand; as superphosphate contained 

 a good deal of lime, it was not improbable that the building 

 sand and the stiperphosphate had combined to form a concrete. 

 'Hear hear.) The other c e was in Shropshire; in that case 

 the drill was to have another trial. It was of no use to try the 

 liquid manure ays rn uuless by some compression they made the 

 land retain the moisture put upon it. 



Mr. Abbott ( Norfolk) observed that Mr. Bennetts svstem was 

 the same as that generally used in Norfolk. He did not agree 

 with the plan of ploughing only once in the spring ; it was highly 

 desirable to plough the land three times. B 7 



Mr WooD.-Wonklit not be better to go a little deeper at first? 

 Mr. Abbott.-M v 41 will not admit of deep ploughing. 

 Mr. Howard.— How deep do you plough t "~ "*" 



Mr. Abb. r.— Seven or eight inches. ° 



whirh SfEIS ohsi 7 v / A that there **»•* b *t one point on 

 ch the meeting did not agree- whether the ridge or flat 



a tThrVr ", fhfJ *£. * 5 lfcw 2? ? ears ' "Pertenee he had arrived 



,^~ ^V 1 * COnM grow 5 or 6 t0E * ™re P^ acre by 

 the ridge than by the flat system. F y 



The following resolution 

 adopted : 



it2t T j£L l lu* th ? a ? in i on ? f thfs CInb ' that in ^cultivation of 



^TiTr^ l B pnnc, P a i ! Vomts to be borne in mind, having regard 

 tothe most economical mode of proceeding with a view to a full 



2' *S^ tf,m !l c . oI J. iv . ation ' de *P Ploughing, where practic- 

 es te, choice of seed, judicious manuring, and seasonable hoeing. ' 



lfce thanks of the meeting were unanimously given to 

 tt*e lecturer and to the chairman. 



J lb. is the highest 



sheep of 20 lbs. per quarter wheu fat 

 daily average allowance for which a return of prime 

 cost has been made on this farm. With these quantities, 

 and valuing the roots at 6s. per ton, or SL an acre, I 

 have not had any difficulty in making both cattle and 

 sheep pay for what they consume, and leave a money 

 profit, and the manure into the bargain. Hay 13 never 

 given to cattle except under peculiar circumstances, as 

 sickness, or along with cut Grass in summer, when it 

 acts very beneficially, especially when soiling in wet 

 weather. The quantity of roots given daily to a builock 

 of the size named is three baskets of 50 lbs. each, along 

 with straw ad libitum. 51. an acre may not be thought 

 a high enough value for a crop of roots, but we must 

 remember 17 tons is a good average crop in ordinary 

 seasons, and considerably above the present ; indeed I 

 have not known a valuation wherein this amount has 

 been reached on farms of any extent under ordinary 

 cultivation. Whether they can really be grown for this 

 sum depends on a variety of circumstances into which I 

 shall not at present enter, but will subjoin a statement 

 of the result of fattening 20 oxen during part of 1353 



and 3854. 



Dr. £ 



To 20 oxen at 12J. 10*. each ... 250 



[April U 



p. 1- ** 



»* 



n 

 t$ 



J7 



9 

 24 

 15 



5 



S. 





 

 

 







d. 





 

 

 

 



rr 



» 



30 tons Mangold, at 6s. 



12 acres Glover once cut at 40$. 

 6 acres Winter Vetches at s. 

 It acre Cabbages 



k aer hybrid Turnips and > 

 -vedesat5£. ... j 



5 tons oilcake at 01. lis. ... 

 5 qrs. Vetch & Barley-meal ) „_ ., » A 



*t 27*. per qr. .. \ Z1 U ° 

 lj tons oilcake at 91. lis. 



Cr. £ 



By 2 sold at 32 



42 10 



48 10 



* • • 



16 19 6 



Profit 



• • • 



• • 



£44S 15 6 

 £46 4 



2 

 3 

 2 

 2 

 2 

 2 

 1 

 2 

 2 



• ■ • 



• •• 



• • • 



58 



78 



48 



I 



48 



50 

 62 



s. 

 

 

 









 





 

 

 



d. 





 

 

 

 

 

 









 



£495 



Out of this profit attendance would have to be paid. 

 John Dunn, Bistcme, near Ringwood, in the North 

 British Agriculturist, 



Food and Produce of Dairy Cows. — The following ex- 

 periments, conducted with great care, on the different 

 kinds of food usually given to cows, will be found in- 

 teresting and valuable. The cows were house-fed summer 

 and winter, and had access' to a pasture field for four 

 hours daily ; in addition to the food mentioned in each 

 experiment, they received Oat-straw, the refuse of which 

 was used for litter. The milk was measured every 

 morning and evening, skimmed after setting 36 hours, 

 and churned generally in one hour at a temperature of 60°. 



00 o* *. zc 



ro 



No. of Experiment 



tc to 



tc tc to 



to 



-1 



I Wo. ot Lows. 



CO 

 - o 





O tc 



•5 



r, ^ 



tO Ht 



31 X 



H 



35 m m -3 •- !7 



C« r-*- HH 



24 T~ P 





§3 K 



3i p3 ©• ^ 



VI I-l 



PO ^ 



-I 

 o 



S » 3 



- Cf j; J9 <n g" = 



~ r o o c ~ a, 



72 — 32 — - 



^3 S £o_ 







•J rz ^ 

 - 7t A 



3 o v> : 



o 



• ^3 ■ • 



: — : : 



2 : S 



< - 



M o 



§ : ^ 



Qi O 



p . < 



p — c- 



CD ^» 



5 - 3 



x — 33 





SP 



*< 



^> 



— > *— * 



- — 



-. p 



p 



•^ -fl<l *1 ^»q 



CO 



5 



Duration of Experiment. 





to 



rf- CO -3 



p. 

 to 



Gallons 

 of Milk, 



CO 







CD 00 

 to GO Ot 



to 



CO 



occ 



C5 CS ■<» 



tOOCn 



«£) 



Quarts of 

 Cream . 



lbs. of 

 Bntfer. 



1 



to 



to 



to 



OS CD 



c> o»q> 

 to ■- 6 



C3 Oi — 



CO 



I No. ot Quarts of Milk to 

 I produce 1 quart of cream . 



r 



'X '-35 CO 



«o 



No. of Quarts of Cream to 

 to produce 1 lb. of Butter. 



:o (Do 



Jj 



a 



<OX5D 



ti ^i to 



CO CO to 



o 



No. of Qnarts of Milk . 

 produce 1 lb. of Butter. 



to 



sive as 



was 



unanim 



WillCt "epu, 



crop of roots can 



Miscellaneous. 



The real valne of a 



200 lbs! is nearer the K TTLt^^ 09 ^^ 

 wwoa. Taking the w£L rf v ■****? ° f CT0 V S an<1 



of mote will I,,™ 11 P beef rt M - P er lb- a ton 



«'i rw>w mu nave a money value of «>>„„* k - 1 . 1 



feeding value of roots, thLfow rn,v °\ 7 H J~* e 



per tol in ordn- o ^^S^^ at fa i 

 has led me to fix 5 lb... Sl.-^e a" the 1,^^^"^ 

 averaje which a bullock of 60 hn^Sri 32T3LJS 



ahoald receive diu-imr tl* t;m» r f f „*. "": Dts w r? fet 



These experiments not being so comprehen 

 would be desirable, they shall be repeated next season. 

 I he Grass Clover, Cabbage, and Mangold leaves were 

 not weighed but they were given in such quantity as 

 would not disturb the ammal system. The influence of 

 a change of food was immediately perceived in an in- 

 crease of m.lk ; and the effects of the food of the previous 

 week did not extend to the succeeding week, eo as to 



to IL" e^ H H e T7 the e *P eriment - In reference 

 to he case in which the cows received Mangold leaves 



and Cabbages, and in which there is an increase of mi'k 



above he prev.ous week, but a less quantity of butter • 



rV? ht *° 1 0b * aTe that the ™*s K* "ot seem to' 

 rehsh the Cabbages after the Mangold leaves, a^aS 



which part y accounts for the result. From JfJavnfZf 

 Albert Training Institution. J 0J 



Calendar of Operations. 



APR IL 



BEEWICKSHniE MURSB FARM. ivriL Q P{^„ 



reported that the storm had coine to'«,Ld'~w 6 ^ 3 ^ l 

 bexnn to think of seed time when the ^nd S^SW"* We 

 and we were for a fortnight exposed tn f aT] ?h/t €d t0 the easf ' 

 and unseasonable storm. A contort ™iic- ° rr ? ra ' 8econd 

 whitened the ground ev.-ry nllTtXSTEZ rf "««r "bowers 

 much below the freezing point and ^t^ rat ' ,re Wfts nev > 

 noon so as to melt the nfght v 'fal V ,""1, o,^ r08e ^ f aa tfte " 

 the depth of 7 or 8 inches* i Kbri Hnu rv.T? Si ° n . ld,,d 

 was proceeded with ; some, IndSSJS to eltll n "* P J rnl,, « 

 the snow, which will make but a cold bid ^ for f "^P " D 

 It. the snow finally left the fields cfear !' ^ ^ lhe 

 still prevailing, a dry 4ed bed w* f^fc* %*„ ^l™ 7' 

 ing has been universal during these two wJ£«V^r'r d 0ats o w - 

 beautifully; but Turnip laud, »Rfe Le .* h »?^ 



Barley seed so fine a mould as that cereal i a A 

 We never had a right fresh, however, until ThnS t0 

 the wind veered to the west. It has since that d ^^ 

 strong, revealing black ground on the hills, and 2J2 ***% 

 patches ~* — * K -* h~~~a » * n « dns lMtfw j^ 



nooks. _^ t „„ we«k i» v ^^ 



characterised by dry winds, like last year- but aV ^^ 

 — « — a dry summer would be doubly hazardous Th * ^ 



ery high this afternoon, and we hope for r*.n. • 



icvwiiuf, u.«v.n. gwuiiu uu me mils, anddiilrf " 4 r^% 



of snow that lingered so pertina(jeo 0s if«!I**J 

 Seed time will be all but over this T^l ? **5 



pnng 



risen very 



"tail* 



this moment a smart shower is passing oVer us"^ f ^ , *v* 

 dried up in ten minutes. The young Wheat plant * a * *?* 

 t<>cted from the severe frosts of Februarv, but after th a ** 

 of its snowy covering, it looked very blue under the ittflSJ" 1 

 the frosty east wind. These two or three davs h-iva? 11 * 

 given it a healthier colour; and, of course, but' few >hu' J* 

 been thrown out by frost. Grass is at least a month uIIT 

 the plant is good, and has just begun to grow. Ewes ht^ * 



lambing, got 2 or 3 lbs. each of Oats a day (besides TuS 

 promote the secretion of milk, but this has proved too drTtZ 

 latterly, and a portion of Rape cake has been substituted 1 

 consequence of the dry weather the lambing progresses bntriili! 

 but the crop promises to be an average one. Larabs'livedJa 

 fully well during last storm ; but those Ian bed earlier iy* 

 with better weather might now have been fat will jcmUl. 

 regain their lost time, and many of them must' be kept* 

 hogs. Turnips are now very scarce, but scarcely so deartgtl 

 were, for folks will rather have Grass at a high price *? 





rents, as irrigation is not practised in this district, we 

 expect to cut seeds for soiling before the month of June tbS 

 they were top-dressed with Peruvian guano in Januarv.ioJS 

 soon receive a further allowance of nitrate of soda. J. T. 



Border of thk Fens, April 10. — The weather may well be » 

 prominent a subject of conversation, since the health of m 

 individual depends so much upon it, and the prospect of hirW 

 plenty to eat next year is confirmed or uncertain accordic»nt2 

 effects of long continued frost, the prevalence of harsh v 

 any other cause retarding the spring, brings evidence oft: 

 to the future crop, or discovers there is slight grounds for afe* 

 to the ever sensitive and ob-ervant farmer. Two or three mk\ 

 days and a few passing showers have started into grotto bift 

 Grass and Wheat, and we again behold a health? green w^ 

 spread the fields: Oats and Bailey are making their appeuvfc 

 and the Beans look strong, yet there is good reason to fetr tlni a 

 good deal of Wheat will be too thin of plant, particularly obojM 

 or thin soils, and after Clover. In the fens those crops of WVtt 

 that succeed Oats are observed to suffer most, but in nwrfwrr 

 case after Beans, Coleseed, Carrots, or Turnips, the Whattato 

 strong and of a good colour. If the dry cutting winds vtw 

 favourable to the pastures, they suit planting Potatoes weHnJ 

 a great breadth will be got in this week. I saw yesteroVi 

 rather uncommon plan of putting Potatoes in by drawing k 

 trenches with a plough, first, then spreading manure out of* 

 cart into the trenches, placing the Potatoes on the mantm ni 

 raking the ridges over them so as to level the surface: I • 

 marked that the practice seemed a good one, except v lacing 

 Potatoes on the manure, which I contend ought to bive tat 

 ploughed-in previous to trenching the land, or if plac ate 

 trenches they should have been split in a somewhat 

 manner to ridging for Mangolds, only a little more care wooHfc 

 required in dropping or rather pressing the Potatoes in r* 

 proper distance and depth. After Potatoes are disposed rf 

 we must attend to Carrots and Mangolds; we give » gwi 

 dressing of farm-yard manure to the seed-bed of the rrots. lai 

 although we have been cautioned to expect thereby forked roo« 

 and coarse ungainly produce, we have more than once or twij 

 had a heavy crop of straight and clean Carrots; as to Msnm 

 we shall sow as early as we can, probably next week, altboup 

 we may have a few plants run to seed we deem that infiBiwj 

 preferable to a deficient or late plant, for transplanting witt 

 never come up to the Mangold grown where they are sown. Tm 

 lambing season is nearly concluded, and we hear i?enerw w » 

 good fall of lambs this year; some persons have already stoaw 

 their seeds with ewes and lambs, but this should be djje» 

 lightly as possible before May-day, as this year neither uw 

 or Rye-grass have made much progress, and they * 

 suffer much from wind and frost when prematurely stocw. 

 Applications for work are numerous, but in another week tx 

 hoeing will require all the labourers now unemployed. A*i 



Peterborough. ,. »_i- 



Wester Ro , 10th April— The weather continues par«W 

 unfavourable- stormy and changeable. Last mon 7 ** t !L 

 few fine drying days, which were taken advantage of for $r5 

 down the remainder of the Wheat, and for sowing w^JjJ ^ 

 earlier farms in the neighbourhood the whole of the vm 

 been sown; and, thanks to the continued and intense »°®j • 

 have been well covered in, and the ground finely pin V ^"^C j^ 

 them. Last year we commenced sowing on the 23d .via. ^ 

 year we began on the 26th ; and as there were only a tew 

 difference, we expected, with good weather and preny 

 "•' ■ - F - But here we are stuck up Q* 



unviii^, w juaive up our lee-way. jjul i*^*^ j r h* 



again. On Saturday last we had a field prepared tor ww* 

 with Barley, but on Monday the rain was falling ^ ^^ 

 northerly storm having set in. To-day it is w™™^, 



ill 



showers continue to fall at short intervals; an tf 



Barley sowing out of the question, but agricultural w« fl 

 but at a stand still. Patience, it would appear, m £\ ^j 



di«* 



or 



. far ^etirf 



cised. The work on the earlier farms must now Den 

 what it ordinarily is, but in the higher and T ;*; hi(yhe r 

 scarcely anything has as yet been got done. iliP . J t v ^i 

 all around continue thicklv covered with snow, & ™ Mn i*0 

 the plough is still obstructed in many of onr wgn ^ 

 Vegetation has made a little, yet only a very nw ■ » ' ^ 

 in our earlier districts. Wheat, al * Vwi* 



and sickly when it came out from u uder ^ ^ 

 covering, begins to exhibit signs of life and vigour, ^ ^ 

 -rained somen hat of its natural green. ( J ra3 1 \- g odf** 

 season often affords a bite for a hungry animal, n ^ [{ # 

 the least perceptible advance, whilst the Turnips " ^ 

 finished in most places. Sheep have finished tneir y ^ 

 the Turnips, and have left the low country fo £™ e ' snP r* 

 age, where little will be met with for some time ^ ^ 

 starvation. Considering the uncommon severity « ^^ 



sheep have left in better condition than might ha ^ * 



fipated. Having received higher prices tI"S # yeai ^ ^p 

 Turnips eaten by sheep, the anxiety was togiveoj ^ 



this purpose as could be spared, and failing to ca . gl]0# ^ 

 a perverse winter, our cattle bid fair to be °° ;" " ^#T* W 

 for a pretty protracted period, should the weatner #00* 



us be in any sort of keeping with that we 



are now expa 



Notices to Correspondents. ^^ 



Bread : E C. One sack of good flour will maKe i ^ jj 

 and a quarter of white Wheat of 62 lbs. P?;" bIli »&**' 

 from 390 lbs. to 400 lbs. of flour, from wHicu 

 been taken. k /i better tx>t ^J 



Ciiemk-al Manure : Young Farmer. You h&a "°.#i aft^T 

 to manure your land by artificial maniire ■« yonrJC 

 si(L ion of what is taken out of the lanu ^ ^m 

 Manure liberallv with guano and farrn-dnnot q( tW %v 

 better than by any attempt at exact supi i 



materials of fertility. , „ ^ AP v - pea**' 1 \ S 



Farm hor.^ : li i. Oats, U bushels per wecit , Q ^o^ 



ILiy cut into chaff, 281bs. per week; & ** a * m (#&*%t 

 per week ; and Oat straw, 28 lbs. per ^^ ^ri^ *£* 

 n«oif Mimt: A Subscriber. Ten or U f^' m e^^Z% 

 turf ashes would he a good dressing , „fltliere W* 

 But you must not depend on this alone— 



dressi: ffof farm-vard duncatso. 



• 



