li- 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



are udf^Id that form practice must , 



►rt nnr.lon nractice. But IS it 



want i bat ! We 



approach iu« re and m«re „ # . „ 



the garden** with to convert ins bed 9 into the finest 



W* tie tilth at DM } Certainly not ; hit object IS to 



turn it up as roughly as possible in the autumn ; lie 

 miht hare it in ridges, so that the frost can get at it- 

 all ploughing is ridgin- on a small scale— and it is only 

 when he comes to sow that he wants the fine bed. And 

 is not that what we want \ Who would think of work- 





mutnum 



The 2. 



Dra 



An 



wishes to have their Wheat too finely pulverised ? 

 only time that we could use such an implement with 

 advantage would be for spring ploughing and sowing. 

 I fear some of our inventors, if they do not consider the 

 subject again, are likely to defeat their object by trying 

 to give us what we do not want, and that too at a great 

 sacrifice of power. I think they will do best to keep to 

 the plough, however old it may be, and if they can, as 

 • I. A. C." Bays, pull it well, by the same means we can 

 pull any other field implement. And that we shall 

 aooner or later see steam successfully applied to culti- 

 vation I have no doubt; but that it may be delayed by 

 attempting too much with it I have some fear. However, 

 a .'ew months will now inform us wlnreabout we stand. S. 



"Aged Practical Observer" 



ask?, on April 7th, -Can you keep tree roots out of 

 -pipe drains, or any drains whatever !" That question, 

 I think, can be satisfactorily answered. By observing 

 and imitating nature, a drain can be formed cheaply to 

 last for ever, that roots of any description shall not 

 choke. Where natural drainage takes place it is by 

 seams of sand or gravel ; now, by cutting a drain in the 

 usual fashion, and filling in six or eight inches of pure 

 nd, river sand if possible, and covering in over this, 

 you have a'drain that is permanent — in fact, everlasting 

 if undisturbed ; for although tree or other roots may 

 run throu-h it, the sand can never be so displaced as to 

 affect the drainage in any sensible degree. I have often 

 wondered why sand drainage is never used, being so 

 cheap and so permanent. /. L, 9 M. D , Newburyk, Fife. 



&onetfaft 



ROYAL ACKKCLTURAL Of I1NGLAND. 



Special Monthly Council (after the Easter recess), 

 April 18% Mr. Mh f*. M.P., President, in the Chair. 



Finances. — Mr. Raymond Barker, Chairman of the 

 finance Committee, laid before the Council the monthly 

 report on the accounts of the Society, and the usual 

 quarterly statements for the information of the mem- 

 bers. He also reported the current cash-balance in 

 the hands of the bankers as 3239/. 



Prize-Essay. — The President reported from the 

 Journal Committee the following awards already made 

 by the Judges of Essays and Reports : 



I. To Clark Skwfit. RKAD t of Plumstrad, near Norwich : the 

 Prize of Fifty vereign.s, for the best Report on the 



Fai ng of iJuckioghaniiihire. ^ 

 J I. To Uenrv Evv&suki>, ot Albtiry, near Guildford : the 

 Prize of Fifty Sovereigns, for the best Report on the 

 Farming ot Warwickshire. 



III. To John Colkma ; l>eene, near \Vansforri, Northamp- 



tonshire: the Prise of Forty Sovereigns, for i lie lest 

 Ea«ay on the causes of Fertility and Bamnnei 

 in Boils, bo far as observation and science have hitherto 

 enabled them to be ascertained. 



IV. To Isaac Skaizvn, Veterinary Surgeon, Saffron "Walden, 



Essex, for the best account of the Nature and Treatment 

 of Lameness in Sheep and Lambs. 



The President furth 



particularly called to the clause— "That no force-pump 

 must be fitted with more than two valves, which must be 

 of rasv access;" and a special note on the same point will 

 be forwarded to the honorary director of the Show. 

 4. The Society will not undertake to find the motive power for 

 working the Steam-cultivators competing for the Society a 

 Prize o?200L at the Carlisle Meeting. 



Ages of Pigs.— Mr. Barnett, Chairman of the Age 

 of PigB* Committee, submitted to the Council the follow- 

 ing report (which was also adopted and confirmed). 



1 That all pigs exhibited at the Carlisle Meeting shall be 

 subjected to their mouths being examined by the "Veteri- 

 nary Inspector of the Society. , . 

 That should the state of the dentition of any pig indicate 

 that its age has not been correctly returned in the Certifi- 

 cate, the Stewards shall disqualify snrh pig, and shall 

 report the circumstance to the next Monthly Council. 



3 That Prof. Simonds shall be authorised to call in an 

 assistant if required; but that the Professor shall be re- 

 sponsible for the correctness of the opinions given; and 

 that the remuneration to be paid to such assistant shall 

 this year not exceed 10 guineas. 



Country Meeting of 1856.— A memorial was 

 received, through Mr. Fisher Hobbs, from Mr. Parker, 

 the chairman of a country meeting held at Chelmsford 

 on the 16th inst, inviting the Society to hold its 

 Country Meeting of 1856 in that town, the centre of a 

 purely agricultural county, which comprises upwards of 

 a million of acres of land and nearly half a million of 

 inhabitants, and where every local circumstances would 

 be found to he most favourable for the promotion of the 

 objects of the Society.— Mr. Raymond Barker and Mr. 

 Brandreth Gibbs were requested to form an Inspecting 

 Committee for the purpose of visiting the proposed 

 localities, and reporting to the next Council on their 

 capabilities for the purposes of the country meeting. 



Cattle Awards— On the motion of Mr. Fisher Hobbs, 

 the following resolution was adopted :— " That, in accord- 

 ance with the resolution passed at the last Council, 

 requiring the judges to give in a reserved number for 

 each class of Live Stock, the judges be instructed to 

 give in such number at the Carlisle Meeting, but only 

 in those cases in which the animal would in their 

 opinion possess sufficient merit for the prize awarded in 

 each class, should the animal to which the prize was 

 awarded become subsequently disqualified." 



The Council then adjourned to their weekly meeting 

 at 12 o'clock, on Wednesday, the 25th of April, when 

 Prof. Way would deliver before the members of the 

 Society a lecture on the Influence of the Atmosphere 



products just named, and hence~b^W ^ 

 the development of the agreeable V- ** 

 Almonds, whilst cold readily calls it into 

 (i Laurel leaves, the leaves of P 



rnnvg 



** 



stones, and the kernel of all drupaceous fnifc. ** 

 contain anv nrussic s*«nd k«* l«^i ^ ^M 



prod))* 



Cf.ld 





Thrown into boiling water, the formation rf 

 acid is entirely prevented. 



" As Linseed-cake is so high in price at th 

 time, many persons have now recourse to the rk. 

 Rape-cake, which, I have pointed out, often ^* 



***■ 



Mustard seed. 



Rape-c 



nation. 



hazardous to 



""* 



^ w waoio^nuuuui OUUUlHtWg it tO *& 



And as boiling water prevents the for 



m 



the pungent oil of Mustard, it may, perhaM™?!^ 

 sable to mix all Rape-cake with water at 212* jwi 

 recommendation of this practice was suggested to 

 by the following note of Mr. Lawrence, of Cirenoat* 



1,1 Dear Sir,— We have accidentally discovered in \^S 

 Rape-cake for feeding bullocks, that by putting it into »■* 

 212 3 , for the purpose of making soup to mix witk thechZk 

 odour of a strong acrid nature, which renders it unpiltSj! 

 destroyed ; whereas when it was put in cold wateror^ 



heated to a certain extent, it sent forth a strong -* 5 '-rnM 

 odour, and we had great difficulty in getting the cattletmZ 

 mixture, except from hunger. Perhaps, from your knowyJ! 

 the analysis of Rape-cake, you can explain the morfuiaJL 

 It is a valuable discovery to those who do not like tbenZt 

 non-paying cost of Linseed-cake. — Yours very truly, ^^ 



1 CHARLE9 LAWRIfci 



"I am not aware that Rape seed contains BubKacn 

 analagous to those which in Mustard give rise to At 

 formation of volatile oil, and am inclined to think tk 

 the pungent smell which Mr. Lawrence observed 

 mixing his cake with cold water was due to thepr 

 of Mustard in the cake ; but whether this is the 

 or not, Mr. Lawrence's experience will be foHoid,I 

 have no doubt, with much advantage by others. In 

 conclusion, I would suggest the following easj plan «C 

 tes ing Rape-cake. Powder some of the cake, add cold 

 water sufficient to make it into a thin paste, ind ^ 

 serve this paste until the next day. If Mustard m 

 is present in the cake, the unmi&takeable ame 

 pungent taste of Mustard will have become develop^ 

 during this time ; whereas good Rape-cake, under wm 

 circumstances, will not produce a very strong ari, 



nor taste pungently." 



The Transactions of the Highland Society cootm 

 papers on Manures, Fences, and Foods for Cattle, aai 

 on the last point we extract the following paper by Dt 



Anderson : — 



" On Arackis or Earth-nut Cake.— Some time uuce* 



The Journal of Anriculture, and the Transaction* of the had occasion to direct the attention of the agricutom* 



on Vegetation. 





JUbiefos 





Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. 



March, 1855. Blackwood & Son, Edinburgh and 



London. 

 This periodical consists, as our readers know, of two 

 separate publications, paged differently, and though 

 stitched together, intended to be bound in separate 

 volumes. The Edinburgh Quarterly Journal of Agricul- 

 ture has now for some years been in this way issued along 

 with the Transactions of the Highland Society. Both 

 parts of the work in this issue of it contain useiul papers. 

 The Journal commences with an art : cle on Auxiliaries 

 to Farm Dung, in which the merits of the several arti- 

 ficial manures, some of which have been exposed and 

 others recommended in our columns, are discussed, 

 and the real value of the so-called Economic Manure is 

 ascertained. Another important paper is by Dr. 

 Voelcker, of Cirencester, on the relative values of 

 Linseed-cake and of Rape-cake ; in this he calls atten- 

 tion to the points already referred to by Mr. Lawrence 

 in this paper, and refers to the researches by which the 

 experience of Mr. Lawrence has been so satisfactorily 

 and carefully explained. We extract the following 

 passage on the subject of the poisonous essential oil of 

 Mustard. & 



r reported that the judges had 

 decided that none of the essays sent in to compete for 

 the prize of 20Z. for the 1 est Eseay on the Prevention of 

 Mildew in Corn Crops, possessed sufficient merit fur that 

 prize ; that one of the i ssays in the class of Lameness in 

 Sheep and Lambs was excluded from competition on 

 -account of its not having been sent in until alter the 1st 

 of March ; and that adjudications still remained to be 

 made in five other classes of essays than those in which 

 decisions had been announced. 



Guano Supply.— The President reported from the 

 Guano Supply Committee that several communications 

 had been received from the Foreign Office, through 

 tiord Wodehcttse, since their previous meeting, contain- 

 ing further information of the discovery of new supplies 

 of guano, and assurances that every means would be 

 taken by the Earl of Clarendon to obtain for the 

 farmers of this country as full a participation in the 

 benefits of such discoveries as might be conceded by 

 the respective states within whose territories the guano 

 deposits occurred to the farmers of other countries. 



Carlisle Meeting. — Mr. Fisher Hobbs, Vice- 



Chairraan of the General Carlisle Committee, reported 



-the gradual progress of the works for the Carlisle ~ . - -- - - v . 



Meeting at the end of July next, and the favourable j Mustard. Heated to 212° F., my ron becomes coagulated, 

 oner in which the railway companies had received , an< * in this state is incapable of effecting this change. 



the application of the Council for the concessions they " T * -*--**»* 

 *ad hitherto so liberally granted to the Society's exhi- 

 bitions in the transit of their live stock and agricultural 



implements and machinery. 

 Steam-power Commtions. 



-man of the Implement Committee, reported the following 



results connected with inquiries relating to the conditions 



of the Implement Prize-shee* for the Carlisle M 



at first with some degree of doubt, has now been a* 

 with success by several farmers, and its employment » 

 only limited by the deficiency of the supply. I !»*• 

 several different occasions referred to the #"*££ 

 tance of searching for new substances adapted frrj* 

 food of cattle, and pointed out that the subject M 

 which ought to engage the attention of botuthetw 

 and the merchant. It is with some satisfaction ^ 

 fore, that I point out another variety ot eake,tbeT>» 

 of which is likely to bring it very rapidly into use. i 

 cake in question is manufactured in InnwfflP" 

 seed of the Arachis Hypogcea or earth-nut. mm 

 which is entirely different from the •*™* tt VV k 

 country, has recently been grown pretty «}««!?* 

 Algeria, from whence it has been imported into i 

 for the manufacture of oil. It has also, as i mw s fc 

 to understand, been introduced into Spam ana 



Cape 



The first sample of this 



" It is a matter of some practical interest to know 

 the conditions under which the essential oil is developed 

 in Mustard seed. Digested in cold or tepid water, 

 Mustard seed or cake furnishes essential oil, pro- 

 vided it has not been heated in the oil-presses as high 

 as 212° F. Digested in boiling water, or heated 

 by itself to a temperature of 212°, it does not generate 

 this oil. The substances contained in Mustard seed 

 which giTe rise to the formation of the volatile or 

 essential oil, are called myron ; nd myronie acid. The 

 latter is peculiar to Mustard, but has no smell ; the 

 former (myron) resembles in its chemical characters 

 albumen. In a moist state it readily is transformed 

 into a ferment, which, acting upon the myronie acid, 

 gives rise to the production of the essential oil of 



of Good Hope. **«> * — ~- ■ m^i 



analysed was sent to this country by Messra m~ 

 & Co., of Bordeaux. Its composition is 



• • » 



• • • 



• * • 



Water 



Oil 



Albuminous compounds 



ash ... ... ••• 



Fibre, and other matters 



• • » 



• • • 



■ ■ « 



■ • • 



• •• 



i » • 



• •• 



• • • 



a*t 



i ■« 



«t» 



• ■• 



• •• 



»•• 



■ •• 



• •• 



■ •• 



• •• 



Nitrogen... 

 The ash contains 



• •• 



« • • 



i Phosphates 



\ Phosphoric acid 



»«• 



#•• 



«!• 



• •• 



#•• 



• «• 



• •• 



• •• 



11* 

 ill 



a 



0X6 



find* 



It is for this reason that the Mustard we eat with 

 our beef loses all strength, or rather has not its pun- 

 gency developed, if it is made with perfectly boiling 

 water. J 6 



Colonel Challoner, Chair- 





, ting . 



L e iwt^ ne8 W0Tked m tb * e*Pansive principle will be 

 teZEf«£ £ 1 T MI *5. T * We ' W<>rked by * simple excentn,, 

 und£ ^fi*i be t Td V nary * Ud «~™^ *> long M worked 



S52fiS ™. te J ex ? a ^on. ^d divested of all 

 pliented arrangements intended to vary ^~ — 



the 



corn- 

 rate of 



expansion. 



te true velocity which each exhibitor of * steam-onirinp 



he Attention of the Stewards and Judges will hereafter be 



I 



" An analogous case we find in Horseradish, which 

 does not contain the substance, which is the cause ot 

 its pungency ready formed. 



" Bitter Almonds likewise do not contain any essential 

 oil, nor prussic acid, ready formed, but two substances 

 which, acting upon each orher when bitter Almonds are 

 digested with water, give rise to the formation of the 

 essential oil of Almonds and of prussic acid, 

 the two substances contained in Almonds is a beautifully 

 crystallised compound, which is called by ch 

 amygdalin ; the other resembles in its nature albumen 

 and is called emulsin. At & temperature of 212° F* 



« Compared with ordinary L inseed ; C8k B e ome ** » 

 little difference between the two. > " . ^ 

 doubt the quantity of nitrogen in ^ ffener al^ 

 4.8 per cent ; but in this case the oil « g ^ 

 In fact, cake produced from the »nie ^ ^* 

 composition according to the extent , io ^ ^^ 



preasion of the oil has parV u— 



modifies the composition of tue, * ^ w 



obvious from the subjoined analysis oi 

 ported into Leith : 



Water ... 



Oil 



Albuminous compounds 



Ash ••• •« 



Fibre, and other matters 



•en carneu , - 

 of the, earth-im 



c»< 



■ • ■ 



• »• 



. . ■ 



»*• 



«•• 



!•• 



«•* 



• • • 



#"• 



• I • 



• fft 



• •• 



#•• 



#>• 



*•• 



Ht» 



• •' 



• •• 



i 



60 



In ash 



••# 



••• 



Max* 



One of 



eniists 



Nitrogen • 



J Phosphates 

 "I Phosphoric acid — , 



« In this sample the quantity oi 

 pounds is very high. Messrs M* p 

 communicated the following mtorn.at.o 

 price of this cake last autumn :- ■ 



Its price free on board at Bordeaux, pe 

 Export duty ... ... t •- , '' n( j insurant 



Freight Per steamer to Liverpool, ana 



... - at 



... - «£ 



i »; 



it 



Price in LiveriHrf f6 ,» 



*.l 





* 



If carried by sailing ship the prW ^ ^ j^di*,, 



all 



. « In addhiou to this there ^ ^ ^ ^ 



s 



power to change amjgdajin into the | at Liverpool ; so that this cake 



