

•2. 



t It t 





y. t i K Wi\ IV. U •> 



r i 





.'Ui'l 



<»n 



parativ- ly 







iSJST. *t' I -th the madmen 



2 wall i trw. that against a l<>n« aad 



tf wall trjj..^ n mr J e tre „ ( . ouM ^ ,, ,n<ed 



r » c tain amount brickwoik, with the 



<5rtaiti'V of th> whole bting covered, some year* 

 Efo w this wouM be thee* wilh the op] r portion 

 of high wall ; and certainly all these all. itiona 

 Lour the o n that it is better and more 



Economical have any given amount of brickwork 

 inthefon of a long an »w> ,11 than the contrary. 

 In determining th • best height for garden walls, 

 however, ter consid. itions muM he taken into 

 MMwi ba*iJaa Umm just mentioned. For instance, 

 there wool i belittle or no utt in buii Dg garden 

 walls higher than would constitute a go I fence, | 

 were the nece* of affording a better 



din oil trees than that of the open ground. 



I all important point which should be 

 kept in view in the construction of garden walls; 



and the -nation may be asked how is this affected 

 by the grea r or lese height of a wal 1 ? 



We are not aware that experiments have been 

 made to ascertain by means of them nudem the 

 exact differeno >f temperature in front of high and 

 low walls in th same locality. It is, howw r, we 

 , wu lw . „.. .. r „ «nst the former 



tha 



nece 



This 



cm he employed fol a wall against « huh trees aie 



US As'to protection, tho«e who have woollen netting 

 mav employ it with advantage; it forms excellent 

 maferiTlCthe purpose-! haps the he.t of any. 

 The conini should project 2 inches, and should have 

 alcove X hroatin'g on the under side so that the 

 dnp may fall clear of the face of the wall. 



Peadies, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherr.es and 

 Plums may be planted against walls, from 15 to 

 18 feet apart. Pears should stand 



7 



:0 feet. 



b 



Some years ago a discussion arose at the Cam- 

 ridge 'Philosophical society about the transport of 



As is usual on 



out 



certain seeds from island to island, 

 such occasions many theories were broached in the 

 midst of which it was suggested that it would be as 

 well to try first whether the seeds were capable ot 

 floating. In a similar spirit of good sound practical 

 sense, Mr Dauwin, who is engaged in many inte- 

 resting matters relative to the distribution of vege- 

 tables over the world, both in modern and more 

 distant geological times, has through the medium ot 

 our journal requested information as to the capa- 

 bility of germination in seeds sfter immersion in 

 sea-water, and the nature and affinities ot those which 



' - A mass of valu- 



kuown that fruit ripens better „ 



pin^t the latter. In a I ality where th 

 Orange tree would die iu Britain, planted 



against a r. -w terrace of only a few feet in 

 SWtt, it has lived many wmU-rs 01 a reeky steep, 

 in the aha, e of terrace above t race to flu- height of ~- { ^^ h immer9ioI1 . A 



30 feet or , re, .mounted hy *°»™"\*^ able in f orma tion might easily be obti 



i heat from a frontage 30<> feet m * » - - 



l P ngt In ih the hinhor the wall, the greater 

 the warmtli in front of it, all other circumstances 

 being equal. 1 ; rodoce the desired effect, garden 



walls should therefore be higher in a cold climate 



an in th naturally warmer southern conn . 

 A high wall best fulfils the object for which fruit wall 

 are built, and it is therefore to be preferred to a low 

 one ; in point of efficiency it is infinitely superior 

 to the latter. A wall I i or 14 feet high may cer- 



ained if some 



ten or more of our readers would comply with Mr. 

 Darwin's reque.-t. It is scarcely probable that they 

 will have information on the Hibj-ct which is at 

 once available ; but nothing would be easier than to 

 obtain it if some such plan as the following were 



adopted — 

 execution. 



plan 



muslin about 



n 



inch 



Sixty bags of strong 

 square were prepared, with seams sufficiently large 

 to insure the preservation of the seeds. These 

 were divided into three sets, one for Monocotyle- 

 dons, a second for Dicotyledons, and a third for 

 1 corn and miscellaneous vegetables. Each bag was 

 ' accurately numbered and its contents registered, but 

 as the numbers might be washed out by the salt 

 water, the bags were regularly arranged in order, each 

 etof 20 being kept separate, and a button sowed 

 to number one to prevent any possibility of mistake. 

 The seeds were such as would most probably come 

 up in the garden, and in one case consisted of 

 flower and vegetable seeds from the Horticultural 

 Society and of Monocotyledons from Kew. All 

 these have been sown and accurately labelled, with 

 a view to ascertain the fact that they are capable 

 of germination under ordinary circumstances, and 

 the bags are now sent off to the sea, with a request 



tainly be naked Mar the top for a few years longer 

 than one 10 feet high, but the additional height 



in not lost whilst it contributes to the perfect 

 ripening of the fruit below. It is, in fact, better to 

 insure perfectly rii aed fruit on a wall ay 12 feet 

 hie than to reduce the height one-fourth or one- 

 sixth, and add it to the length, at the same time 

 tentleiix tl whole inadequate to lipen fruit in 

 perfection. Yhere the means are ample and the 

 climate indifferent, south-aspect walls more espe- 

 cially may e advantageously built hi »er than 12 

 feet; but as much as tins at least should be gene- 

 rally aimed at. There re many old walls, on good 

 foundations, considerably lower than this, which 

 might have some additional courses of bricks put on 

 them before next winter, in the full assurance + hat 

 by so doing a permanent improvement would be 

 effected. 



With regard to thickness, we should prefer a 

 1 1-inch hollow wall built of good bricks and mortar 



to anv other. It is about £ or I cheaper than a wa y e » _ r 



solid wall of the same thickness, and it is drier, and and the result accurately noted, all cases being re- 

 consequently warmer than a solid wall. It may jected as useless in which the seeds have not germi- 

 be heated by hot-watef pipes ; but if so, care should ™ted in the garden. It would have been desirable 

 be taken to have ready means of access to the joints 

 in case of leakage ; and precaution should also be 



remedy the mischief, and if an attempt nudet^^ 

 pagate'it, the cuttings *ill not throw out roots, *) 

 in die Phyllanthoid Cacti mentioned above, aerial 

 are thrown out in abuudance. Meanwhile the di 

 slow in its progress, and it is only after a lap* 

 some years, after the fashion of those large Cacti 

 ported* from South America which refuse to throw 

 any fresh roots after being placed in cur stove*, that it 

 plant has ceased to live, unless indeed it h a s been st* jtffcj 

 to a low temperature, of which these chlorotiseti pU^ 

 are peculiarly impatient. The most careful treatment * 

 wholly unavailing ; stimulating manures or fa^fe 

 however judiciously applied are without re t, u4 

 death seems surely but invariably to ensue. Indeed, a, 

 a general rule, all propagation from chlorotie iifc 

 viduals should, if possible, be avoided. Where pap. 

 gation is possible, which is far from being generally tit 

 case, there is little hope of favourable results, at lean 

 all those cases where the evil does not arise from 1 

 depravation of existing chlorophyll, but from the i 

 tude of the tissues to generate that essential elemeat 

 The evil, from whatever cause it may originally be j*. 

 duced, seems to be as inveterate as a strumous habit a 

 man, which is almost sure, sooner or later, to der«toj 

 itself into some external or internal form of scrohfc,; 

 or even should it by favourable or accidental ciren* 

 stances be arrested during the life of an individual, .it wffl 

 break out unmistakably in the second or even in the 

 third generation. 



305. 2. Chlorosis of Hyacinths, — This <:iseaie « 



reported by Bouche in the " Allgemeine Gartenzeiteif 

 for 1837, but I have in vain attempted to obtain the 

 volume or to get a sight of Bouche's paper, nor had 

 Meyen an opportunity of personally inspecting the fr 

 ease. I have now, however, before me a Hjadntl 

 which is evidently affected with a modification of tat 

 disease, but in too early a stage and imperfect a form a 

 afford any additional information. The disease in m 

 1 aggravated form is indicated by crumpled, deformed, 

 yellow-striped leaves, which never attain their full dm- 

 lopmenr, and gradually communicate their nn 

 condition to the bulb, which eventually perish* 

 Nothing is said in Meyen's short report as to the 

 condition of the roots or base of the bulb, Mr 

 indeed in what manner the plant is affected so 

 to induce death ; the probability, however, is Hit 

 the original fault was in the reduced stem, for is 

 the majority of instances where death ensues a 

 bulbous plants after the leaves and flowers have mdc 

 a certain degree of progress, the fault has bea 

 originally more deeply seated ; and either no roots, or 

 only a few weak ones, and these confined to sane i* 

 lated part of the plant, have been produced. SMj 

 1 any thing occur worthy of notice in the plant whico I 

 have now under observation, I shall have some futw*f£ 

 i portunity of recording it ; but as the disease is evidetiu> 

 present in a very modified form, and the P^ s *™ 

 are deficient in chlorophyll are assuming a reddish m 

 as if there were a tendency to isolation from moil 

 parts which are still in a healthy state, a curative 

 process seems to be going on, and the bulb may uw* 



mately recover. Af. /. B. 



that they may be immersed in some safe place, 

 where they can constantly have a fresh supply of 

 water, without the chance of being injured by the 



On their return, the whole will be sown, 



THE 

 THE 





taken to empty the water out of the pipes before 

 winter, other wi frost might burst them, unless 

 that is gaarded linst by covering them or by 

 applying a little e-heat Hollow bricks do not 



to be either 



to have experimented with tropical seeds, especially 

 of some of the Leguminous plants, whose fruit is 

 often wafted across the ocean, but materials were 

 not at hand. 



The experiment, however, will still 

 be useful as regards the distribution of plants in 

 temperate climates. 



A similar set of experiments, conducted with 



ON THE EFFECTS PRODUCED B\ 

 FROSTS OF FEBRUARY, 1855, *> 

 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S GARDE>, GU> 



NEVIN. 



BSOra A PAPER READ BY D. MOORE, ESQ., AT TffE EV? ^ 



OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY, ON FRIDAY, MARCH *>, 



(Concluded from p. 261.) ^ 



I shall now detail the principal cm™^ wh, *jL 

 happened, in so far as they are yet observable. "°^l 

 the time the intense coldness prevailed, the wm 

 mostly from the north-east, which has .njnrefl ip«£ 

 more on the side exposed to its influence than ob ^ 

 which is partially sheltered, and the appearance u^^ 

 them now present is as if they had been s "^* ^ 

 time to the influence of a flame of fire. I ne j - 

 shrubs, which are usually covered with beaowo^ ^ 



flower. 



-_- r .„ — , „ — __. c _ y L — .__ — 



matter upon the attention of our moie scientific 



M. J. B. 



appear to De eitner applicable or necessary for ... 



arden walls, especially where the latter are built care and accuracy, could scarcely fail of leading to 

 ollow, for in this case the two sides, being only wme positive results, and we strongly press the 



4| inches thick, require to he of solid materials. «** ** 



Contact with any metallic substance is more or , 



less injurioi. to vegetation, and therefore training 



to g vani*< wire, or to any other kind of wire, \ 

 hould in all cas^s be avoided as much as po ble. I 



In dispensi with these, however, there is no 



necessity for battering down walls with hammer and examples^wliich can be addticed^undcr this head is^a 



nails: the mortal hould be good 



latter, of which as few should be used as Dossil 



most nails are required for the smaller shoots, and 

 to hold wood ot that description the nails need 

 mljr be driven in a very little way, so that the 

 joints may require fresh pointing not oftener than 

 once in ears, and then the face of the bricks 

 having been pre rved, the wall will be as good as 



made in the bricks them- 



be dislod 



new. If m -ho* 



selves, insects are \ yapt to choose .such cavitie 

 for their h rom which they cannot easily 



w i without washing over with cement, 

 a ^d tl he wall onaightly ; but uch holes 



in the mortar j in be occasionally sealed her- 



metically I som ue lime-cement without pro- 

 ducing any bad appearand . 



Excellent concrete for foundations of walls is 

 formed of materials con tit only of lime, gravel. 



^VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.— No. LXTX. 



303. Chlorosis \ Const it id low and Functional).* — 

 1. Chlorosis of Cacti. — One of the most striking 



r _ __ acec! 



isease which has been recorded 



common amongst the Cereus division of the Cacti in 

 Germany. I have had no opportunity of inspecting this 

 personally, and therefore must be content to borrow the 

 account of Meyen, for & somewhat similar affection 

 which is common in England amongst the Phyllanthoid 

 Cacti does not seem to be identical, but appears rather 

 to accord with ordinary cases of chlorosis arising from 

 bad and inattentive cultivation. 



30 i Sn Meyen's disease the whole plant seems to have 

 quired an inveterate condition, which renders it utterly 

 unfit to perform its proper functions. Not only do 

 particular parts assume a yellow tint, and that not by 

 any change of chlorophyll from green to yellow, for parts 

 f every new shoot are equally colourless, and though it 

 increases in dimensions, the constituent cells never 

 attain perfection, i Pruning, consequently, does not 



»ndl 



brown and scorched, where not cornpi ew ' ^ 

 besides, the number of losses which will yet ^ ^ 

 among them can hardly be estimated j 1 ".' 1 ^grf 

 active-growing season commences, that . he, ! ,r \ Jdfci 

 trying period, when every organ is ^^'^Lggt 

 the function it is destined for. The following dat^, 

 therefore, be considered only the principal 

 they have appeared up to the present t |D ^> 

 notice them seriatim, as they occur in ! " of . 

 orders, stating the countries they are native ^ ^ 



Ranunculacece.-Tteonm Moutan (nati > ^ 

 young wood very much injured, so that n ^ 



be produced this year ; Clematis ^ e P» le f ^i* I* 

 Nepal), young wcod killed ; Clematis (t*o- .p. 

 the Himalayas), not yet named, a good ^» . J } y*H 



« 



M ^ „_.-Magnolia gr»?i?^ M . 

 shoots and leaves very much irjurcu, 



ac 



A* 



rica), injured. . /rn - rt .\ fci' 



Bcrberacea.— Berberis Fortuni ( Chm ^' ich p 

 ground. Several of the Asiatic specif, ^ 

 retain their foliage during our °rdi»£, , 

 had the leaves killed, and in some tn« . Jf t0 ***f 

 Berberis Darwini (South America^ sc «~ ^ p. 

 Mahonia fa?cicularis (California), loai ; a . ^ 



„„..:c.i: *%t~~*%~ c A „nHL leaves injure** 



■B 



specific 



killed ; C. laurifolius (France 

 Pitto8pore<*.—l'itto*i>oruia 



Tobira (0»D»). "™ 





