

THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



2^7 



mmm 





highest price 



was dead. We refer 



Siiculan to the price list below. 



1° i._- an ,i bnght : Mr. bTRAFFORD 





rBM i «-iq clear ana origin: -wn. • 



P^uSSS-^J- 8 both he 

 '" I hve we think, reason to coi 



and Mr. 

 congratulate 



jves on 



AFFORD. We 



when 



the resnlt of the proceedings. 

 Rule's at Halite and Lancaster, also con- 

 JHirin* the past week by Mr. Stra. ™, ... 

 JSbenSle to" give a report until next week, 

 e'erence will be made to the prices reached, 

 the way in w,licn connection with the Kirk- 

 f"- W L herd at once raises the market value of 

 tils .old. There is undoubtedly |a real 



at the bottom of the extraordinary 

 m price reached by particular families of 

 A Aort-horn breed ; whether the latter may not 

 kTiTtJv owing to temporary fashion, time alone 

 ^' When a breeder shall, by long success, 



iadepend 

 rtpntatio 



oendent practice, and self-confidence, attain the 

 tation of the late Mr, Bates, his stock, too, will 



doabtless acquire a market value perhaps higher 



4k tual merit. 



The IIesdon Sale of Shorthorns. 



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Dtctest «f Corn wall 



Daphne Gwynu 



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Minstrel... 

 Urfy Bwrriiigton 

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Jenny Lind 

 jennette... 

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Lady F-mntt 



fanetta ... 



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FMelis ... 

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 Hyacinth 

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Angela 2d 

 Minerva 2d 



inline 

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aileace 



Lad r Blanch 



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Cleopatra 

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Doily Gwjnn 

 Cynosure 

 Ann Gvynn 

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 Carmine 

 Narcissus 



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t atra2d 

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Clematl 



Astrsea 



Biwhfct 



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 185 



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 1855 



Name of Purchaser. 



Mr. Du ckworth 

 Blathwaite 



Townskend 

 Pinder ... 



Townshend 

 Blathwaite 

 Lord Burlington 

 Dead 



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Mr. Cartwright 

 Tophatn 



Cartwright 

 Simson 

 Slatter .•• 

 Downs ... 

 Walters 

 Field ... 

 Gunter... 

 Marjoribanks... 



Colvin 



Toyliam 



Becar 



Stanhope 

 Kirkham 

 Becar 



Bartliropp 



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Fisher 



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Lord Burlington 

 Mr. Spencer 

 Fisher ... 



Combe ... 

 Dormer 

 Walters 

 „ Abbott ... 

 Prince Albert 



Mr. Stanhope 



Jonas Webb 

 Fisher ... 

 Tracey ... 



Woodward 

 Hook ... 

 Jonas Webb 



Kirkham 

 Angus ... 

 Law ford 

 Drake ... 

 Cruickshank 

 Field ... 

 Becar 



Atketon 

 Becar 



Downs ... 



tanhope 

 Becar 



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Brooks & Fuller 



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Mr. Carrington 

 Guest ... 

 Becar ... 

 Crawley 



impkins 

 Topliam 

 Hook 

 Sartoris 

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Spencer 



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Grenfel 



Lord Feversham 



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Mr. Combe... 



Lord Feversham 

 Mr. Becar 



Sartoris 



71 

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 11 

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 19 

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Sir C. Knightley 



Mr. Cruickshank 



Dead. 

 Gunter... 

 Cator ... 

 Jepson... 

 Brooks... 

 Bostock 

 C.Abbott 

 Morris 

 Hall 



Moore 



Fisher 



S i m pson 



Hallott... 



Guest ... 



i'uokworth 

 Tracy ... 



Robinson 



Dodwi'il 

 Bramston 



„ Marjoribanks... 

 kir J. Lubbock 

 Mr. Crump... 

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Price in 

 Guineas 



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ft. 



29 

 42 

 52 

 31 

 70 

 66 

 110 

 170 



55 

 30 

 36 

 71 

 45 



105 

 45 

 40 



525 

 58 

 65 

 65 



180 

 80 

 50 



90 

 94 



100 

 40 

 40 



200 

 56 

 50 

 &5 

 51 

 47 

 72 

 55 

 60 

 63 

 26 

 35 

 35 

 42 

 40 

 47 

 40 

 38 

 46 

 42 



140 

 38 



160 

 40 

 51 



480 

 45 

 52 

 53 

 53 

 80 

 60 

 30 

 80 

 70 

 31 

 34 



140 

 40 

 61 

 81 



105 

 31 

 51 

 65 

 10 

 45 

 36 



2£- 

 155 



200 

 66 

 34 

 60 

 50 

 50 

 81 

 50 

 110 

 200 

 67 

 I 



65 

 24 

 35 

 18 

 42 



45 

 1< 

 23 

 17 

 15 





We like to get our 



EXPERIENCES IN LAND DRAINAGE. 

 ' No. 1. Malton, Yorkshire. 



drains 4 feet deep if we can get an outfall, but we 

 can only get from 30 to 36 inches in some places : 

 we then put the drains 12 yards apart — where we 

 can get 4 feet we put them 22 yards. Both distances 

 answer perfectly well ; indeed we can see no dif- 

 ference — both are equally dry alike, and we have now 

 no difficulty in feeding off the Turnips with sheep, where, 

 before it was drained, you went down every foot you set 

 down as deep as the plough. This land is not more 

 than 50 feet above the sea level ; soil alluvial, from 6 

 to 15 inches deep, lying on gravel and sand to I do not 

 know what depth — we have bored 30 feet and still find 

 nothing but gravel and sand intermixed with "jet." The 

 land is nearly perfectly level, and the spirit level is 

 constantly in use. All gutters are filled up. Our 

 Grass land we drain 4 feet deep, same soil and subsoil as 

 above, but we put our drains 40 yards distant, which 

 answers well. We have drained about 600 acres. We 

 have used 1 J-inch pipes ; neither collars or sockets are 

 used. We cover the pipes from 4 to 6 inches with our 

 lest soil; this acts as a filter, and the tiles never dis- 

 charge either gravel or sand. For main drains for 

 10 acres we use 3-inch pipes, for 20 acres 4 -inch pipes, 

 and for 30 acres 5-inch pipes, which we find quite large 

 enough. We have had only one failure on a piece of 

 land about 2 acres ; this is 620 feet above the sea level 

 at the edge of moorland, the moor rises at an angle of 

 about 40° [?] to the height of 400 feet ; it is sandstone to 

 that depth, then sandstone rubble. The water comes 

 out here and contains so much carbonate of lime that 

 the pipes in three years are completely choked up, and 

 carbonate of lime is deposited in some places to an un 

 known depth. On our clay, of which we have very 

 little, we drain 4 feet deep, 21 feet apart, using the same 

 sized tiles ; this has also answered well. We have not 

 more than 100 acres of this kind of soil. Under the 

 clay, which is a great thickness, there is a bed of lime- 

 stone gravel to what depth I do not know. The rest 

 of the estate is perfectly dry, principally resting on the 

 grey stone rock and the oolite limestone, Thomas Horn- 

 sey, age nt to E. S t Cayley y Esq., M.P. 9 Malton, Yorkshire. 



been all 

 directions 

 the field, 

 the main 



which I find simple and accurate, thus saving any un- 

 necessary cutting or having to go back for fresh level, 

 thus lessening cost. I never use a larger tile than 

 necessary for the main drain ; in some fields I use 

 3-inch main tiles, 4-inch, 5-inch, and 6-inch, in propor- 

 tion to the volume of water to be delivered, which, if 

 consistent with economy, I bring together to one outlet 

 The fewer outlets the better, being less liable to be 

 neglected or overlooked. The cutting of the drains is set 

 at so much per rod : an active intelligent man is em- 

 ployed as tile-layer, who sees that all drains are properly 

 cut, of a proper depth, and level at the bottom, with not 

 more width than the tile will fill ; the cutter fills in 

 immediately the tile is laid. We find the tiles and all 

 materials required, the superintendence, and every 

 other cost connected therewith, reach an average cost per 

 acre of 5/. 2$. 6d. 9 having expended up to the present 

 time nearly 300 OZ. On strong clay soils this (width 

 apart) will not answer ; in some districts you will find 

 the ridges laid out 18 feet to 24 feet in width, the centre 

 of the ridge being nearly 3 feet higher than the furrow 

 (this is where the land is very flat), the furrow being 

 curved between one end of the field and the other. On 

 such land I have drained 2£ feet to 3£ feet in depth with 

 good results. Great errors have been committed on 

 such land after draining by attempting to level it ; in 

 doing so the productive soil or surface of the field was 

 buried in the furrows, and the benefit of draining 

 neutralised. John Dad, Gibside, Gate&Jtead. 



This is larger than 



depth 



is 



No. II. Gateshead. — The drains have 

 J placed parallel to each other, but their 

 vary with the different inclinations of 

 The prevailing depth of drains is 4 feet, 

 drains varying from 4£ feet to whatever 

 necessary to ensure a good delivery for the drains ; in 

 some cases I have cut them from 10 to 14 feet in depth. 

 No difference has been made between grass and arable 

 land. I invariably set out the minor or branch drains 

 to face the quickest descent, so that the bottoms of the 

 drains rest on nearly the same plane, and the water is 

 thus conveyed quickly to the main drain, and so to the 

 outlet. I never drain across the fall of the land, the 

 drains would require to be much closer ; otherwise the 

 water would flow under the higher drain and reach the 



other drain. I 





ON FARM ACCOUNTS. 



[At a late Council Meeting of the ltoyal Agricultural Improve 

 nient Society of Ireland a paper on this subject was read by 

 Mr. Hamilton, from which we make the following extract 



The day-books are — 



1st, The Steward's Cash-book, in which he enters, every 

 day, the charge of sums of money received, and the dis- 

 charge of sums expended, and sees that his balance is 

 correct. 



2d, The Labourers Ac count -look. 

 the usual one, so as to enable the steward to enter, 

 opposite the name of the workman, or horse, what 

 heading the work that they have done is to be posted 

 under ; on the opposite side of the book is an arrangement 

 of ruling by which, at the end of the week, there is a 

 space fcr posting the work done and the cost, under the 

 separate headings contained in the index. Thomas 

 Gannon is entered as three days ploughing, three days 

 carting Turnips, at Is. 2d. per diem ; the two horses at 

 4s. per diem, and one horse at 2s., are carried out under 

 the headings of 



r Preparation of land for Oats. 

 d. s. d. 



3 6 Manual labour 9 6 



12 



15 6 



Turnips* 



s. 



Manual labour 

 Horse labour 



#•• 



• •• 



6 



9 6 



Horse labour 



• • • 



• i • 





o 



^ 



of the land, to 

 thunder-siorros. 



surface before being caught by th 

 do not pay any attention to furrows : where they answer, 

 well and good, but on light lands you find the ridges 

 across or inclining to the slope or fall 

 check any wash by heavy rains or 

 I have used 2-inch pipes for minor drains, 3-inch, 

 4-inch, 5-inch, 6-inch for main drains, in proportion to 

 the quantity of rain falling into them. Where there is 

 a large quantity of land delivering at one outlet, I 

 sometimes use two pipes, thus CO , size and proportion 

 according to land; I use well- jointed pipes without collars, 

 and when properly done I have never found them to stop. 

 I have never tried giving access for air to the drains. 

 The soil on this estate is light, subsoil varying, gravel, 

 sand, sandy clay, strong clay mixed with stone, generally 

 having dry backs or bands, like "cat band," or " moor 

 band pan " across the immediate descent, like so 

 many dams to the water in the subsoil. I have some- 

 times known these to occur within 10 yards of each 

 other. The geological formation is the coal measures. 

 I have now been engaged in works of drainage for 

 some years and to a considerable extent ; at present I 

 have under my superintendence the drainage of this the 

 Gibside estate, the property of John Bowes, Esq., for 

 which 5000/. is now being laid out under the private 

 money drainage act. On my first becoming acquainted 

 with draining, shallow draining in the furrows was 

 all the practice, but like many others, by practice and 

 the able papers published by Mr. Parkes, the engine er 

 of the Royal Agricultural Society, and others, I was led 

 to see the advantage of deeper draining — say 4 feet — over 

 the shallower 2 lett, since which time I have adopted a 

 uniform system of drainage of 4 feet for branch or 

 minor drains, varying them in width according to the 

 subsoil, as it was more or less retentive, it being the 

 best and cheapest form in which draining can be 



When the steward has made these entries, which are 

 merely the points which he must know, if he knows 

 anything of how he is expending his master's money, 

 there can be no more complication, and either he, or any 

 good clei k, can post the information eo conveyed into 

 the farm-account book under the proper headings. 



Mr. Hamilton proceeds as follows : — 



3d, I have lately printed a small sheet of letter paper, 

 so ruled, that the steward can, with the greatest ease, fill 

 in every particular of the amount of stock, the food 

 which each class consumes, the cash account, and the 

 register of farming operations ; and also a dairy return, 

 of which I lay specimens on the table. These returns 

 are a 1 that are necessary for the steward to furnish ; 

 and wherever the establishment is so large as to justify 

 the keeping of a clerk of the yard, whose business it is 

 to see all quantities measured, and given out, and to 

 post the steward's returns into the farm-account book ; 

 or where, in smaller establishments, the posting is done 

 by a professional accountant periodically, or the farmer 

 himself, the constant check upon unintentional errors, 

 from having the returns furnished by one, and posted 

 by another, is invaluable, and leads to a wholesome 

 rlvalship in accuracy. Having now described the 

 groundwork, I shall proceed to attempt as clear a 

 description as I can give, in general terms, of the Earl 

 of Meath's account-books. The headings comprised 

 in the index are arranged thus, under two distinct 



classes : — 



Farm Account— W r ork-horses, milch cows, cattle 

 fattening, store cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, dairy, 

 Wheat, Oats, Barley, Bere, Beans and Peas, Flax, hay, 

 stock, stack vard, Potatoes, Turnips, Mangold Wurzel, 

 Carrots, Parsnip, Vetches, Rape, Rye for soiling, cut 

 Grass, pasturage, roads and yards, fences, drainage, 

 farm-buildings, implements, miscellaneous stock, mis- 

 cellaneous crops, miscellaneous unraised accounts, bills 

 paid and to be allocated, storeroom, balance sheet; 

 farm-accounts showing the produce of each field, 



executed, combining utility, economy, and durability, I memorandum of stock pasture-fed memorandum of 

 its utility being that you can place it further apart, thus stock house-fed, memorandum of breeding stock, 



lessening the cost of tiles and leading where the tile 

 kilns are distant. The drains being at such a depth are 

 out of the reach of injury, yet not too deep but that tin 

 can be easily repaired, &c. The distance at which I 

 place the 4 feet drains apart is on an average about 

 36 feet, the subsoil, as I have before stated, being 

 open and porous ; this distance answers well, the 

 main drains vary in depth, so as to ensure a good 

 outfall, which I make a point of first importance, 

 but in all 

 6 inches 



journal of operations, and general memoranda. 



Mansion and Demesne Account. — Carriage and riding 

 horses, mansion, garden, pleasure grounds, woods and 

 plantations, roads, fences, game, cottages, miscellaneous. 



The first class comprises all accounts which come 

 nnder the legitimate heading of farm-account, and the 

 profit on which is to be set against the capital expended 

 by the owner. Under the head of work-horses, there are 

 columns for Oats, Barley, Beans, hay, straw, Potatoes, 

 of Parsnips, Carrots, other food produce of the farm, food 



cases ensuring the branch drain a fall 



into the main drain. Before commencing from the storeroom, or purchased food, price, manual 

 to cut the main drains or outlets, I have the labour, horse labour, other expenditure, total cost, 

 ground accurately levelled, using Cook's York level, j Under these headings are posted merely the figures, 



