



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



2S9 



m „,er the «une «ge, *** been twice > or three > ° r 



^«i«m convicted. 



^TIp that I can now say 



1 • r^henbain more than one boy under 16 who 

 *"** m C .l l L^rt»<\_ An old farm-house will hold 



that there is not at 



certificate of sufficient learning, is disqualified for taking au insertion in your valuable Gazette, I shall esteem it 



^ tw ice convicted. 



tfc* 



hpr and be infinitely better than new buildings, 

 ^i'wiion that it looks more homely and plain. 

 * ..Smote and unambitious your building can be, 

 •inducement will it hold out to the honest, and 

 r?L w jH it prepare the boys for the rough life 

 2S»modation which they will afterwards find in a 



"Necessary to build, let It be such a building as 

 • appearance resemble a row of labourers' 

 and in fact will be convertible into labourers' 

 ^'.^'.bouMeircumstances make it desirable to change 

 >L focaiitv of a school. I confess I believe that the 

 1 oment vou get a building which will strike the vulgar 

 ^ummatoi, JOB to that degree commence a decided 

 tril Picturesque you may have it. An old half- 



will in 



charge of a national school. Yet many of these may 

 have courage, coolness, discipline, and a heart in the 

 right place, and though they have failed in their first 

 intention, yet, in such a line as ours, they may possibly 

 make not less useful, not less honoured men than others 

 who have taken a first-class certificate. 



In addition to the bailiff and schoolmaster we have 

 also lately taken a labourer at Is. per week above 

 labourer's wages, to work and superintend one of the 

 gangs. lie in all probability will in fact cost us nothing, 

 as he will earn his wages on the land, and with 36 boys 

 with no fence round them, two superintendents are 

 scarcely enough. Besides this we receive help kindly 

 given us by many of our neighbours. Our vicar and his 

 curate occasionally call in a class from the field, and 

 give that instruction which a layman cannot give with 

 the same authority. 



In conclusion, I can only warmly congratulate those 

 who take an interest in the matter, that the act of the 

 last session, affecting young offenders, has placed the 

 matter on such a footing that the Government allowance 



crff*>er8 have got up the walls, be not an objectionable 



buiMing to see on one's estate. But this 



no feeling among the honest poor 



ibbtred farm-house is a most pleasing object to the 

 M(?r educated. Our own school, with its plain red 



wfek rabies and its low tiled roof, will, when the will, I think, be found sufficient to defray every expense 



— j. .._ *u~ «, A n« K a ««* «« ftKJ AA *:~«-ivi^ of such a school beyond those of probably the first year; 



and I trust that ere long the wisdom of that act may be 

 proved, not only by the mere increase of the number of 

 schools, but by a decrease of general crime, remembering 

 that our object is not so much to benefit the individual 

 criminal as to benefit the children of the honest neigh- 

 bour whom that criminal would corrupt. 



t 



i 



loalmg 



«Kctres no envy ; 



tto there is a grand place built for thieves, while I 



ani inv honest wife and children are forced to put up 



with a' wretched cottage." I confess that, while wishing 



•?rr success to the race of architects in all other ways, 

 J it that they may find as little employment as 

 poif iole in designing reformatory schools. 



With regard to the locality, I lay great stress and 

 alt ate much of the ease of our success to the fact of 

 the school being placed in the middle of my own estate. 

 Had t committee purchased a piece of land it would hardly 

 h been possible to prevent all the neighbours taking 

 fi it at the colony of thieves established clos j to them ; 

 sad an adverse feeling amongst the neighbours fe a 

 moral evil. For the same reason I would not have it 

 near a village, as the Jess they see of their neighbours 

 tiie better. At the same time I should much wish that 

 it should be within a reasonable distance — a quarter or 

 half a mile— of the church, as, if it be much further, 

 weather may occasionally prevent their attending it ; 

 M a regular habit of church-going I believe to have an 

 important effect on the future character. 



ese, and such like points, however, though I 

 'ion them as worthy of consideration, must vary 

 with circumstances. But the principal points, I think, 

 •re, that the school should be rough looking, should 

 tapn very small at first, and increase very gradually, 

 — ] aymg down a rule at starting that you are to 



iber in a certain time, but increasing 

 as you find that you can get them well 



er discipline, and going to just such extent as you 



suited to your convenience or the wants of your 



**: Nf ; and thirdly, that it be managed by a country 



«eman f and in the middle of his own property. 



e ouantltv ^f i«« * • - - r r - J 





lave a certain num 

 J«« as fast 





Such 



are our 



e quantity of land required we find to be about 

 « « *ere ( f stiff clay) to a boy ; but after it lias 

 ■m well dug for some years it will become lighter, 

 wrt they can do more. c 



tostaff consists of Mr. Bengough and mvself as 

 •^en. lie lives 12 miles from the school ; "i about 



ar l d,: n V? m ? and s P end9 a few da J s wi th me now 

 • «*n (alas | very rare]y)> ^ when j ^^ ftn hour 



\ ££T™ (VCry ra, ' el ? als °)' 6° over and look at 



• -ou'd \TT\ and have a chat with one or another. 



» w*t mi ,'• I devote on an average four hours 



fSk riK" * famer used t0 superintending work- 

 K SrdiJ°f n0t - treat the bovs as a warder would 



SKSLh f r T rule ' for &n y deviat5on from 



**>trato „ .• ° be com P l a ; ned of to the visiting 

 **«bine i e f ctln g. a c ^tain amount of work, and 



** eiMdv .« Certa ' n am ° Unt of food '> but he treata 

 "*" worknJnrf ex ' )ei ; , ? nce hns ta »g h * him to treat his 

 '** be sZ e t u° r t h, \ 0Wn children, exacting what 



,lls < M he find «S K ftCh CaD d °' and S ivin « to each 



•>2 eondIt?mf ™* necessai 7 to keep him in hard- 



M « Hehi ' 5? cert ainly are fortunate in our 



Snan ««8 hTLmi m,id S entIe manner, with undeniable 



J worth u' H . readil y g»ve us his opinion, which is 



an I \t * Vm 8; b «* he will strictly obey our 



i A ^« Part ofT"' hU beart is in 5t - 



ittr *u£d to ' .VT ° f ° ur success is P erha P 8 t0 

 ^ %<», when? . mg *° g° od a bailiff. But in 

 * b *8e capiKi .,, '?8 cannot be carried on without 

 " l Plain ed„^ re 1S man y a man to be found with 



Btaivi: 



Home Correspondence. 



Paries' s Steel Digging ForJcs. — We would that all 

 crops of corn, and more especially Wheat, were planted 

 in rows about 2 feet apart or four rows on a steteh, 

 commonly designated here 8ths, with at most only one 

 quarter the usual quantity of seed per acre, in order for 

 the admission and free use of a horse-hoe, or, what is 

 perhaps better, a scarifier, as the horses would walk in 

 the furrows, thus furnishing an opportunity of cleansing 

 the crops from weeds (a point most essential, though too 

 much overlooked by us all), and attaining to something 

 like perfect cultivation of the soil — important for all 

 grain crops, as well as green, and which the plough is not 

 capable of accomplishing, and which cannot be effected 

 by the process of manual labour with the common hoe, 

 especially on what are termed full crops, or what we call 

 " too thick seeding." But what is to become of the 

 labourers at this season of the year may be asked, if 

 such appliances as these are to be resorted to in lieu of 

 the ordinary hoe ? A similar question has been asked 

 by a correspondent in reference to the use of steam 

 threshing machines, &c. In reply we beg to name a 

 salve for all those sores, viz v u Buy each of them one of 

 Parkes's steel digging forks." Ply the use of it by 

 forking up a sound spit between each row of corn, v.t all 

 seasonable times from the end of September to the 

 middle of April, by which times all kinds of grain 

 should have made their appearance above ground 

 Labourers ought not, nor need stand still for want of 

 employment, nor our union houses be crammed with 

 able-bodied workmen, except in very inclement weather, 

 as the use of this efficient implement would always 

 doubly repay the employer. Since it has been 

 introduced into our grounds, the spade, notwithstanding 

 its superiority over the plough (one sound digging being 

 allowed to be worth half a dozen ploughings), is cast 

 completely into the shade. The comparative ease too 

 by which the labourer is enabled to perform almost 

 double the amount of work is astonishing. Every work- 

 man calls out for "the four or five pronged steel 

 digging fork !" We remark that if those implements 

 were generally put into constant use in the way above 

 described, they would prove a boon to both master and 

 man, and finally to the country at large, and we recom- 

 mend that every other row of the said thick or full 



a great favour. W. J, Ford, Lhrnguerii, near Machirn- 

 lleth, N.W. [We shall be glad for further information 

 on the value of this root. Experience has varied ex- 

 ceedingly as to its merits.] 



Hardy's Plant of Wheat from 8 pints of seed per 

 acre is looking remarkably well, and appears, as they say, 

 to have only one fault, that of being much too thick [!], 

 which, however, they resolve upon remedying this 

 week by thinning it to single plants by the hand. Their 

 earliest, a small portion sown in August, is progressing 

 admirably, and will, notwithstanding the lateness of the 

 season, be in ear by the middle ot May, and probably 

 fit for the sickle in July. A Constant Observer. 



Dairy Management.— I have read the letter from 

 your correspondent " Y. » in your last Number with 

 much interest. Every one who has to do with a dairy 

 must have observed the influence of temperature on 

 the quantity of cream produced from a given quantity 

 of milk, and many persons have tried to prevent the 

 loss arising, from low temperatures. There are two 

 modes of doing this : 1st, by the application of heat to 

 the vessel containing the milk ; and 2dly, by raising the 

 temperature of the dairy. Your correspondent u Y." 

 seems to have availed himself of both these modes, and 

 hence probably arises the difference of opinion as to the 

 requisite temperature of the room between himself and 

 Captain Carr, which he mentions. As in all these 

 manipulations it is of the utmost importance to have 

 an exact description of one that has succeeded, in order 

 to insure success to others, I trust you will excuse me 

 for requesting answers to the following questions : — 1st. 

 Having myself tried the application of heat to the vessel 

 containing the milk with complete success as regards 

 quantity, I have been obliged to give it up in conse- 

 quence of the rank taste in the cream and butter thus 

 obtained. Has your correspondent * Y." observed this 

 in his dairy ? 2d. What is the exact temperature at 

 which he applies the hot water to the cistern containing 

 his milk bowls \ 3. The hot water being 3 inches deep, 

 what is the depth of milk in the bowl ? 4th. Are the 

 bowls of metal or earthenware \ 5th. For how long 

 does the flow of hot water into the cisterns continue ? 

 An Original Subscriber. 



Conveyance of Water in Underground Pipes. — In 

 addition to former remarks may I add that at this pre- 

 sent time I am intending to lay down a considerable 

 extent of piping, and have secured 1400 yards 3-inch 

 glazed pipes for that purpose, to reconstruct, and, 1 hope, 

 improve a water-course which supplies my premises with 

 water from the spring head, such spring bein : situated 

 on an eminence in the midst of a wood rising higher 



than the cultivated land on millstone grit , 



having no 



natural or artificially used lime to be absorbed by the 

 water to render it hard, it is clear, cool, and perfectly 

 soft. Now as it may be of use to others bringing water 

 to their houses and gardens, I will endeavour to explain 

 the plan I intend to pursue. After having excavated 

 the earth to a sufficient depth and impressed upon the 

 cutting the shape of each socket, I shall first pour a 

 small quantity of boiled coal-tar under each socket's 

 mark on the ground, ere cementing the pipes together 

 with some water cement. Afterwards upon the top of 

 every such joint I shall again pour more tar, so as to 

 unite the two together over and under each already 

 cemented joint All plants having an aversion to coal- 

 tar, I hope by this double precaution to succeed in pre- 

 venting effectually all future mischief, which has not 

 been the case up to the present time in old-fashioned 

 socket piping ; for we have very often to take it up for 

 repairs, and have pulled out roots of trees 60 



feet long, resembling the tail of a fox. Since 



writing the above I have read the remarks of " J. L., 

 M.D., Newburgh," in your paper of the 21st April. 1 

 fear he is not a practical man, and that his project of 

 filling up drains with sand would be too expensive, and 

 would not answer after sufficient accumulation of water 



*• ' - ~ v~ /!.,„ „^ j^i^ „„ „ to form a run : for broken stones will not remain open 



crops of corn now growing be dug up deeply, on a " > . , , . „ * 



small scale at least, by theW or soW similar imple- : Jong but silt up. Pipes wrih collars and a good fall are 

 ments, to prove the truth of these observations before tl,e best 5 for in ^"^ M dra,ns after ™ k,n S com " 

 the middle of April has passed away, thus testing the 





next 



n» but Z2a?. S ° oi practical knowledge, and 

 y? > but with too small a capital to farm. 



!* ^'ffieultEf ln t fiV el \° lt ' master ' and this l ^ onfes « 

 ^ ' -r» who — •"" - We — *~* " % * 



c ram their Min-i" 



i*t t\,„.: i. P u piis, so as to gain the approbation 



-rin 



W »H take th 



can find many school- 

 e entire command of a school. 



£i l€ ** for twoT eXaminer - Bit to find a man who 



V^ be win « a ? d a half P er d «y-so short a 



f*> ^ to mak^Tu be abIe t0 make them great 



* t*l that 5! ! a 8how of 5 who can in 'fact believe 





the 



K M th at of oivin ^ and as honourable an occu- 

 ^7* Position tit ,i"S P'oughboys a correct knowledge 



of the 



utility of Parkes's steel digging forks before steam 

 cultivation can be effected to supersede them. N.B. The 

 free use of this famed implement between rows of 

 Potatoes will amply repay the cultivator, and it may 

 be introduced with certain profit till such time as the 

 plants have appeared above ground a fortnight ; or if 

 a mark is drawn with the foot at the time of planting, ' 

 or any other index showing where the rows are, the 

 operation may be performed a month earlier with great 

 advantage, and this observation will apply equally to the 

 rows of corn. Hardy & Son 9 Seed Growers. 



" How are we to find Food for our Floclcs ? "—In 

 perusing an article in your Paper on this subject, may 

 I beg leave to remark that the last winter has been un- 

 precedented for severity and continuance in the princi- 

 pality for untold years, and still continues, April 20th ; 

 and our flocks have suffered immensely — 25 to 50 per 

 cent, in the lambs, and 10 to 15 per cent, in the ewes. 

 Since the introduction of Chivas* Orange Jelly Turnip 

 I need scarcely say that where attention has been paid 

 to its cultivation, no lack of good provision should be 

 wanting for ewes and lambs in the spring. I have sown 



mence tilling up from the top downwards, and unless 

 there is water trora behind to sweep them clean they 

 radually fill up ; therefore, if possible, I contrive to 

 finish the top in a hollow that some flood or melting snow 

 may form such an accumulation of water as may flush 

 them clean ; if not, it is advisable to have an upright 

 termination, with knowledge of its locality, to do so 

 artificially, as far cheaper to be attended to every few 

 years than cutting and relaying them over 

 Aged Practical Obstnter. 



again. 



An 



ROYAL AGRICl TURAL OF ENGLAND. 



Weekly Council, April 25 : Mr. Miles, M.P., Pre- 

 sident, in the chair. 



ATM niERIC SFPPLY OF MANURING MATTER.— Pm- 



fessor Way, Consulting Chemist to the Society, delivered 

 a lecture before the members on the recent researches 

 connected with this subject, which he regarded by no 

 means a merely theoretical one, as it might at first 

 -eem ; but one fraught with the most practical results 



, who has in fact 

 a good heart, and that 



l- erel ? a cW X V ntarctic cir de 



w» Vi7 • head but 



Z" believe that V% yet a difficuU P^son to find. 

 5K >v?]ii? lon S th * d emand will create a 



Datl0n squired, and not obtaining 



them on rather a large scale for some years; and this in reference to agricultural operations. He glanced at 





last winter, when my late Swedes gave way to the 

 inclemency of the season, the Orange Jelly Turnip 

 withstood the trial, and I am now drawing them daily, 

 for cattle and the use of the table, in beautiful condition. 

 I feel sorry to trespass upon your time, but should any 

 remark I have made (and from experience) be worthy of 



the germination of seeds on surfaces containing little or 

 no depth of soil, until rocks and towers became covered 



to the forests of western America, 

 where successive scourging crops of Tobacco and Sugar 

 were required to destroy the accumulated fertility, 

 and to the coal-beds of various countries, which had 



with vegetation 



