53 



THE GARDENERS 



CHRONICLE. 



he Duke of Saxb Coburg, the Princess of Hohen 

 lohe, and their suite, visited the garden earl v and 

 the exhibitors will gladly learn that her Majesty 

 was * graciously pleased, not only to express her 

 satisfaction at the general result of their labours, 

 but at the gradual progress in good cultivation, 

 which their displays annually evince. And even 

 the most critical miu>t admit that such Roses, and 

 such Azaleas, were never seen before, or indeed 

 such fruit in the month of May. 



We shall not, on the present occasion, particu- 

 larise individual exhibitors, of whom a full and 

 separate account will be found in another column, 

 but content ourselves with adding our own humble 

 testimony to that of the distinguished visitors, that 

 such plants and fruits as were on Wednesday pro- 

 duced in spite of every difficulty which could arise 

 out of a most ungenial spring, reflected the highest 

 honour upon the horticulture of England. And this 

 too was the unanimous opinion of the numerous 

 spectators who filled the grounds in the afternoon. 



In the last number of the " Quarterly Review," 

 p. 139, in the article " The Forester," the writer 

 offers some advice on the formation and treatment 

 or hedges. For the benefit of such of our readers 

 as may not have perused the article in question, we 

 quote the passage referred to. " If," says the 

 writer, * the last (Quicksets) be selected, it (the 

 hedge) will be rendered more efficacious, though 

 less ornamental, by mixing Beeches with the 

 Thorns, as these trees, when young, retain their 

 withered leaves until spring, affording shelter to the 

 plantation during the budding season, which is the 

 period when their services are most needed. The 

 young Thorns, before being set, should be cut down 

 to about 4 inches above the crown of the root ; but 

 the Beeches must be left whole." 



Before offering any comment on this passage, we 

 will direct attention to another from the 5-arae 

 article, merely requesting our readers to be good 

 enough to compare them. At p. 444, the writer 

 tells us that " The first object is to encourage the 

 trees to root themselves firmly in the ground. A 

 plant should never be required to do two things at 

 once, or one, perhaps both, will be performed im- 

 perfectly, and the plant will suffer. On this 

 principle it is a bad practice to prune a young tree 

 severely when transplanted, while to cut it down to 





> as to give the foundation of the hedge a 

 prominence over the adjacent field. In the ground 

 so prepared the young Thorns, as soon as the leat is 

 cast in the autumn, are planted, but not cut down. 

 Small healthy plants are chosen. Of course a rough 

 fence is placed as a protection. After the plants have, 

 by being planted a season, become well established 

 at root, a handy man with a large pruning knife 

 cuts all the plants down to within an inch or so of 

 the soil. This operation is performed in the spring, 

 just before growth commences. Of course, during 

 the preceding summer no weeds have been allowed 

 to interfere with the growth of the plants. After 

 the first spring pruning is over, all the cut down 

 plants and rubbish are carefully cleared off, and the 

 ground about the plants stirred and " turned in." 



During the second season after planting, weeding 

 is carefully attended to. Each plant will of course 

 have made two, three, or more shoots. These are at the 

 pruning season cut hard back, as with the young 

 plants in the previous year. The rich ground will 

 form an admirable foundation for the future hedge, 

 and proper attention only is required to secure an 

 excellent fence. 



New Plants. 



125. So-called new species of Conifers. 



1. Pinus spinulosa, Griffith ic. iv t\r% • *« 

 Morinda. '* '*>* A ** 



2. Pinus Grijjtthi, McClelland in Griff. i c . W t - 

 is Pinus excelsa. ' ,J 



r*r 



4 set 



3. Pinus Khasy anus > Griff, ic. iv., t. 377 is 

 doubtful plant, probably identical with Pinus *i*m— 



4. Pinus Maderiensis, Tenore in Ann. da &ZL 

 ?e?\ vol. 2, p. 379, is said to differ from the Stoi^F^ 



in its very unequal-sided apophysis, with the cen^J 

 tubercle somewhat hooked, not flat, in the leaves b«bi 

 twice as long and occasionally in threes, and iT*? 

 branches not being upright, but like those of a PimJ? 

 of which it has the habit. Professor Tenore says hehul 

 the seeds 20 years ago from Mr. Fox Strangway3 u 

 a Pine from Madeira. Is it different from Pin.! 

 canadensis ? 



Common or 



"ortunately 



considered by very many persons as not requiring 

 the same careful treatment as others of greater 

 rarity. Very few cultivators we know think of 

 manuring their hedges. The usual practice of hedge 

 planting, with the subsequent attention^ which the 

 plants receive, bears out what we have said. A bank 

 of poor soil is thrown up of some 2 feet in height. 

 A number of Thorns, mutilated after the most 

 approved fashion of our reviewer, are stuck in. 

 And this part of the affair, by the bye, is not seldom 

 performed when the plants are in leaf. Upon this 

 bank they dry up, or are starved, constant deficiencies 

 occur, and the misapplied labour of half-a-dozen 

 years produces a hedge in name, but no fence in 

 reality. G. JV. L. 



the roots is likely to be most pernicious. 



Surely the writer must have forgotten the first 

 passage when he wrote the last one. No one will, 

 we think, dispute the very excellent physiological 

 axiom conveyed in the latter; but why it is not as 

 applicable to a Thorn as to an Oak or a Beech, 

 we confess we are unable to perceive. If the act of 

 cutting a Thorn off to within 4 inches of the crown 

 of the root is not severe pruning, what does con- 

 stitute severe pruning 1 



The fact is, that when Thorns are planted to 

 foim a hedge they should not, except the plants are 

 very large, be cut down, and then but partially. 

 Tke operation should not be performed till after a 

 year's growth. And we are sure that no one who 

 is desirous of raising effective Thorn hedges would 

 think of mixing Beeches with them; notwithstanding 

 the recommendation of so high an authority as that 

 of the " Quarterly Review." Beeches alone form a 

 very handsome and, if properly managed, efficient 

 hedge ; and the same may be said of Thorns, as 

 every- body knows ; but if you wish to destroy the 

 efficiency of both combine them in the same fence. 

 If the shelter which a Beech hedge affords, from the 

 circumstance of its retaining the leaves after they are 

 dead, is of value to a young plantation, by all means 

 plant Beeches ; there can be no possible reason for 

 destroying its efficiency in this respect by mingling 

 Thorns with them. 



We are aware that many persons are in the habit 

 of introducing into the same hedge other plants 

 besides Beech and Thorn ; but all such mixtures 

 are to be condemned. Decide upon some one kind 

 of hedge plant most suitable for the particular 

 purpose required, and form your fence of that alone. 

 The practical value of this advice few will dispute. 

 We have said that Thorns when planted to form a 

 hedge sh dd not, except under particular circum- 

 stance^ be cut down till after they have been esta- 

 blished one season. Many excellent cultivators act 

 otherwise we know, but this is more from defer- 

 ence to custom than from any other consideration. 



On a large estate with which we are acquainted, 

 where Thorn hedges are j Ian ted yearly to a great 

 extent, the practice adopted is as follows. We may 

 add that the hedges there are very rapidly formed, 

 and are highly efficient as feccf . 



The line of hedge having be«m marked out, a 

 space 2 feet wide is trenched to the same depth. 

 Upon this 3 or 4 inches of well rotted manure are 

 put, and fork A in. Over this forked round 6 or 8 

 inches of the soil outside of the trenched ground is 



(kit readers cannot but peruse with intense satis- 

 faction the following correspondence, for it show's 

 that political honour and inflexible integrity may 

 find solid support even against influences as power- 

 ful as those of an unscrupulous Treasury. The 

 House of Commons has done its duty by compelling 

 the gentlemen who deprived the country of the 

 services of Mr. Kennedy to eat dirt in the most 

 literal sense ; and we now see, with admiration, that 

 one of Her Majesty's subjects has nobly stepped 

 forward to proclaim in a most unmistakeable 

 though unostentatious manner that disgust which is 

 everywhere felt at an act of despotism from which 

 even a Turkish Government would have shrunk. 

 We sincerely congratulate the right honourable 

 gentleman and his friends upon so signal a recognition 

 of his wrongs ; but we still more congratulate the 

 country upon the continued existence of a public 

 spirit which, though latent, will some day break 

 out and overwhelm those who render good depart- 

 mental administration impossible : — 



* Porihkerry, Cowbridge, South 11 'e$ t May 14, 1855. 



"Sin, — I shall be obliged if you will be so good as to 

 insert in the columns of the Gardeners' Chronicle this 

 note, together with the accompanying copy of a document 

 (the name omitted), the original of which has been re- 

 cently transmitted to me. I wish to add that I have 

 accepted the gift it confers, and although I am not 

 permitted to mention the name of the donor, I may 

 state that he is not connected with my family, and that 

 relations of friendship, which have existed between him 

 and myself during the unbroken period of now fifty 

 years, have governed my conduct in this matter. 



ii I am, Sir, your very obedient Servant, 



" T. F. Kennedy." 



* To the Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle." 



(Copy ) 



Whereas my friend, the Right Hon. Thomas Francis 

 Kennedy, has been deprived of the office he held as 

 Commissioner of Woods and Forests, mainly, as I 

 believe, from his inflexible zeal in the discharge of the 

 duties of that office, in promoting the welfare of the 

 country, at the sacrifice of influential patronage, and 

 he may not for long, or ever during his life, have that 



injustice repaired ; therefore I, , hereby bind 



and oblige myself, my heirs, executors and successors, 



and > to pay to the said Thomas Francis Kennedy 



an annuity of twelve hundred pounds a year, at two 

 terms in the year, Whitsuuday and Martinmas, by equal 

 portions, commencing the first term's payment thereof 

 at the term of Whitsunday, 1855, and so on half-yearly 

 thereafter : Provided always, that in the event of his 

 being appointed to any office, or receiving any pension 

 or allowance in respect of his past services to the 

 country, the said annuity shall be diminished to the 

 extent of the salary of such office, or of such pension or 

 allowance ; and I consent to the registration hereof for 

 preservation and execution. lo witness whereof 1 have 



subscribed these presents, written by , at London, 



the fourth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and 



fifty-five, before these witnesses, and 



(Signed) 



VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.— No. LXXIL 

 310. Chlorosis 5. (Constitutional and Orgnic) 

 Potato Curl. — It is with some hesitation that 

 this malady to Chlorosis, because I have had no opnor. 

 tunity of studying it properly myself. It is unknot 

 or extremely rare in the midland counties, and indeed 

 does not appear of late years to have been so formidable 

 as at the beginning of the century, though it was said to be 

 very prevalent in 1847 in Potatoes from Bermuda in th 

 gardens of the Horticultural Society, and in other in. 

 ported varieties. The best account of the disease vita 

 which I have been able to meet is in the treatiat oi 

 Martius, who however knew the disease only from the 

 reports of others, to which I referred some years since 

 in Morton's " Encyclopaedia of Agriculture," and in 

 that of Putsche and Bertucb, which I had not sees 

 when that article was written. From an attentive 



sideration, it seems to me to be a constitutional disease, 

 however it may have been at first contracted. All tin 

 accounts are unfortunately deficient in a description 

 of the appearance exhibited by the young shoots, which 

 is the more desirable, as its connection with, or dis- 

 tinction from, a disease described in the following 

 article, which before the occurrence of the Potato 

 murrain was known under the name of the dry rot, and 

 characterised by the frequent decay of the sets, til 

 difficulty with which they shoot, and the imperfection 

 of the shoots when produced, combined with a ten- 

 dency to produce a few miserable tubers instead rf 

 rising into perfect haulm, requires to be satisfactorily 

 ascertained. 



811. The curl was first observed in Great Britain a 

 the year 1764, but it soon extended into th* province! 

 on the Rhine, and to other parts of Europe. The mo* 

 extravagant notions were prevalent as to its cause, one 

 of the most singular of which, and maintained with 

 much violence was that it was due to the impregnatu* 

 of the finer varieties of Potatoes with the pollen d than 

 kinds which are cultivated for cattle. No more sat* 

 factory result was derived from all the treatises tl»n 

 from the greater part of those with which Europe wm 

 inundated in 1845 respecting the Potato mOTai 5v/: 

 was, however, observed that settings from crops "p** 

 with curl were capable of propagating the malady, w» 

 that the safer practice, even where pains wer ®^~* 

 destroy every affected plant, was to obtain seed frooa 

 district entirely free from the malady. The disss* 

 must, therefore, either be constitutional or m» » 

 produced by something inherent in or a ^ ereJ }* ^- 

 settings, the former of which seems to me tHe mw 

 probable condition on a careful examination oi 

 evidence. -^ 



312. The affected plants are at once ^jWJJ 

 by their sickly stunted growth, their simple uno ra^j 

 stems, their almost sessile leaves, their mottled cm 



aspect, their distorted shape, and by partial deftf 

 the tissues, affecting not only the external par 

 penetrating to the centre, so that the stems FfV^ 

 before their time. The fruit when produced, wwc rf 

 rarely the case, for the flowers in genera i ^ 

 prematurely, is mottled like the stem and »^ A 

 the tubers which are few in number, if F» ^ 

 insipid and watery, are perfectly usel ^ fg . tube n, 

 unpleasant effects which they produce. n« 

 like those of Potatoes affected by Po *'V";£ r U 

 not necessarily reproduce the disease, but^ ^ 

 the greater part of those amongst whicn tuev & 



have a tendency to do so. m . ^ Jttf** 



313. Though the foliage is occasionally rnu ^^ 



and distorted, the name of the disease is qu« ^ 



derived from the curved form attuned o) ^ 



as from the leaves themselves. 



bec*^ 



necessity to call attention to this V ™^ { b * »ph* 

 name is often applied to Potatoes aff ^ sllffi 7 c ient » 

 A few individuals about a plant are q-'^^rf* 



affect the foliage ; but even where the »PPJ ^j bt 

 whole crop is thus affected, the ^^ato* «* 

 altogether immaterial, 

 where it multiplies to excess.* _ ^+ ^&h 



The aphis is ^J 



Potato** 



it* 



314. Chlorosis 6. Drv Rot in - - & ^#^ „ _ 

 I proceed to the consideration ot w ^ ^ » 

 necessary to remark that though the 1^ wfcj-k ** 

 identical in meaning with the affect*^ 



- Since the article on the Chlorosis of Hjacin j***^ 

 have had a plant ; in ny l^^Angs^^^ 



portions of the leatlf allowing * «^ — and tbt ^'t**** 

 is unhealthy, but not actually aW"* ^ i3 b^ 9 ** 

 weak, do not appear unsound. A ^ tne« • , ^ 

 the leaves, the whole plant will probaW v 



fitem were distorted with warMilwM b_ dvitJ ^ *j 



partially opened, those at the top gr*a«" J itio n. 

 nrvrtioriH of the leaves showing a simu» fbe ^ 







