





go — i 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



made some observations to show that 



Mri 



got 



or by 



•fbe Chairman 

 u lepderatum 

 Z^A of surface distribution 

 "l int0 this country by the hose and jet, 



W bv means of flexible pipes, with lateral aper- 



Of the paramount importance of the proper 



nation of works for the adjustment of water 



**%& in Ind'* there cou!ci ^ e no doubf - 0ne 

 5?ter whilst deprecating generalities in respect to 



whole of that continent, had yet stated one 

 SLeral condition under which it was placed, of 



and immense floods, of torrent -filled rivers, and 

 of prolonged droughts, which certainly demanded works 

 rf extensive senerality and magnitude for the collection 

 mditorige of these sudden falls, and for their regulated 

 distribution. Such works had been commenced by the 

 Cmbulds, but in important respects on erroneous prin- 

 ciple, ll appeared that the water-leading was by open 

 tJftiLp, in the branches as well as the mains, and that 

 the ■fcnnate distribution was mostly by the method of 

 Johnson. Where the mains were not stagnant, and 

 where they could be made to serve the purposes of 

 traffic as well as of water distribution, the method of 

 conveyance by open cuttings had, no doubt, com pen- 

 tin?: advantages ; but in Peru, where the Spaniards 

 ribed enormous cereal crops by irrigation, it was a 

 Kviog, that to lead water in open cuttings, was to lead 

 it info the air ; and it must be so, to a greater extent, 

 in India. This appeared to have been formerly well 

 understood. In Colonel Chesney's work might be found 

 the native remains of ancient water-leading, by covered 

 channels under the present arid and desert seats of 

 former populations and civilisation. The method of 

 ultimate distribution by the water meadow, old though 

 • might be, was open to the fatal objection that it 

 created marsh surfaces, and engendered marsh miasma. 

 Th« chairman, in his sanitary researches in England, 

 had found, and it was abundantly proved, as might be seen 

 in the reports, that the water meadows generated the rot 

 in sheep and the ague in men. His friend, Captain 

 Baird Smith, in his able report on the Italian irriga- 

 tions, had stated the fact, that from experience of the 

 injurious effects of such irrigations, the formation 

 of *nch works was in several states prohibited within 

 miles of towns ; but it did not appear to have 

 given to that fact its due and decisive weight. If such 



were the effects in European climates, it might be ex- 

 pected that they would be aggravated in the east by a 

 mare rapid decomposition under a more powerful sun : 

 and so they were. Medical reports which the chairman 

 nad seen showed, particularly in the province of Agra, 

 P*ahar manifestation* of the malarious influence in the 

 enlar^ment of the spleen. The medical men reported 



ttat they coma teii by the extent of enlargement of the 

 JPjen the e Xte t to ^ ^ ^^^.^ ^ ^ ^ 



P0*d o the ma anous influence. Now he (the chairman) 

 W a large faith that unwholesome processes were not 



• Si;? T e n0t the best for the raost economical 

 **» most productive results. One effect of them was 



Er t0 " ecesSitat ? *ith the inferior labour a depressed, 



«2fai» f P f T e P L °P ulation - ^ some consultations 

 «toumge works for the productive and sanitary im- 



CSL • I*' he Was not ^prised to find the 



*«khw m ?* Y dear ' as weli as inferior labour > 

 **ta^ l « ™ pro Vemen L He had been a ^ured 



343 



^^ 'the artificially created marshy surfa'ces~ "^"waT in ^T^T* f mod f n , civi,isatioD > »d our dominion 



ignorance </that to which ife must " peld" caS t^ % &^™ ^&** "!*«* ** to the 



attention as a practical economical principle * P°P^ation. 

 inferior processes, processes -" ' ' 



.,.--. Car ^ should be taken that in mere routine 



inferior ,iClT CT^ *EX."2 KSTj? "^J? """" «*■ - ^TO^ 



sequences were avoidable, and, moreover, were avoidable ! 

 with a profit. From having been compelled to struggle 

 with the difficulties of dealing with the refuse of towns, he ; 

 had been led to propose, in substitution of the practice of 

 applying liquid manure by the method of submersion, the 

 principle of pipe distribution, or the application of liquified ' 

 manure by pipes and hose and jet. This was now in course 

 of increasing application in farms, and its sanitary success 



would be lound to be everywhere demonstrated. As with 

 applications by the horticulturist, or by the gardener's 

 water-pot, no more was given at oue time than the 

 soil could at once absorb. Plants whose natural 

 habit was not submersion in liquid were not subjected 

 to it. There was no stagnant surface water and no 

 decomposition. Even where liquified manure was 

 applied, there was an immediate chemical combination 

 with the soil, which it was proved retained it perma- 

 nently, and there was no loss from decomposition, and 

 no atmospheric pollutions from that cause. There was 

 also a large economy of water. But what perhaps wa* 

 of the most immediate importance, there was a lar^e 

 economy of original outlay, as well as in working 

 expenses. Captain Baird Smith, in his report on the 

 Italian irrigations, had shown that as much capital as 

 401. per acre had been expended in the construction of 

 the water meadows and the connected works. The 

 average cost of the Wiltshire water meadows was about 

 1W. per acre. The Chairman held in his hand a tabular 

 view of the comparative outlay and the working ex- 

 penses of the works for distribution by submersion, 

 and of those for distribution by jet. From this table 

 it would be perceived, that the total cost of the works 

 and apparatus of all the prominent examples examined 

 of irrigation, by bed works and gutters, including 

 the instance of catch-water meadows, had been 

 311. 14s. Id. per acre, and that the total annual charges 

 and working expenses were 3/. 7 s. Id. ; whilst the cost 

 of the new works and apparatus on the average of all 

 the examples of distribution by underground pipes had 

 been 21. 7s. Id, per acre, and the annual charges and 

 working expenses 8s. 11 id. per annum per acre. The 

 cheapest instance found of the method of distribution 

 by open gutters, the Pusey catch-water meadows, was 

 14s. 3d. per acre, whilst the total annual expenses of 

 the cheapest method of distribution by closed channels 

 and underground pipes, and by jet and hose, was 

 7s. l±d. per acre. The detailed particulars of works 

 from which every competent officer might judge for 



i 



namely, those for the adjustment of the supplies of 

 water. At the same time the Company's service 

 military as well as civil, furnished some of the most 

 brilliant examples of fertility of resource and adminis- 

 trate abihty in the empire. It would have enlarged 

 the sphere of their discussion, and presented an example 

 worthy of h, g h regard, as it appeared only imperfectly 

 known m India and almost totally unknown in this 

 country, if from the papers officially printed by the 

 Company, he might have presented to them in detail 





reclamation 



civiuaauon oi tne Mairwara, ot winch the foundation 

 had been laid by Colonel Hall, of the Company's 

 service, but the brilliant superstructure had been 

 worked out by Lieut.-Colonel C. J. Dixon, of the 

 Bengal Artillery, It was the case of a wide range of 

 hilly district, badly cultivated, infested by wild beasts 

 in jungles, and occupied by a robber population, whom 

 it became necessary to subdue, for the protection of the 

 inhabitants of the surrounding districts. Under ordinary 

 routine, it would have been niereh garrisoned at a <*reat 

 expense, but Colonel Dixon perceived that the failure of 

 the crops from the irregular supplies of water at times 

 necessitated predatory habits, to which the long intervals 

 of labour from a rude and bad cultivation gave them 

 leisure. To meet this condition Colonel Dixon pro- 

 jected works for the collection, storage, and distribution 

 of water. He obtained government advances of money, 

 and occupied the robber population in their construc- 

 tion. Subsidiary works were designed, money advanced 

 and the same population was engaged in the reclamation 

 of jungles and in that steady and highly productive 

 cultivation, of which the adjusted water supply and dis- 

 tribution afforded the means. The time of the population 

 was so well occupied, that they had no leisure nor in- 

 ducement to think of depredation. He succeeded in 

 doing there what our administrators had not succeeded 

 in doing here, in making absolutely condemned criminal* 

 prefer honest and productive industry. For the con- 

 veyance of produce, roads had to be made for the 

 accommodation of the increased numbers of cultivators ; 

 villages had to be constructed ; for the supply of the* 

 villages a town had to be created, and for the sale of 

 the produce, markets and fairs to be instituted. The 

 Government advances of capital were repaid with in- 

 terest. Instead of levying black mail on the surround- 

 ing population, instead of occasioning the expenditure 

 of a revenue, in maintaining the repressive action of 

 troops, the district now furnished good subjects and 



l,,™^!*- x u r , r . 7, " . t "r*5" , ' J""S C 4 ^ **w|», mc uismct now lurmsnea good subjects and 



Inmselt were to be found in the official minutes published good troops, and a good revenue for the maintenance of 

 on the subject, and one additional advantage would be the local as well as the general government from a 

 seen in this, that the works did not confine the cultivation j thriving and increasing population. All this had been 



done in a very few years, and the instance might be 



to one method, but were equally applicable to arable and to 

 arboreta! cultivations. From what had been stated of the 



*k r*r *; m 7 i , ^ UU1U an °r<i to give as mm 



» &Ea ti ? ur w g00d as common d *y lab01 



^&J l r' wL ? not ™Port it? The answ 



*J 



«e planter that he could afford to give ** nraefa 



our 

 '"•■tltttit WiT"' "" J - V" 1 im P 0lt it- The" answer 

 ii,n? < . een .- tr,ed » but that the free tourers 

 ""», EX!! C ' mate ' and wou,d have "course to 

 *« ca Id <Mhf 7 e \ il T' ™ lu e as labourers. What 

 * aiai fro m r at f Was ' in the Pa»ieular instance, 

 H uHhiTJ ' Sta , gnant ditches used t0 dr ain the 



*& mioht i e l l Sd , y intersect *d it, that the plough 

 "»• In eIkm la ? b , een othe ™i*e used could not 

 *!« PttmeaRlJl? ad P romoted the use of covered 

 *«• drain i wW i ams 1U sub stitution of the open 

 ^"l&nds an r„ COmm0nI ^ 8urro «nded our towns as 



f* T'ol • anrf y W6re D0W pr0Ved t0 be the most 



i* fc- Shier ,1 r f m ,° Ve . a11 8anitar y objection, the 

 ^ *««M Z tS U, f " the P^ticular iustance 

 m of toKfZ 1.1 Cd the barrier to the introduc- 

 *• *orki D ?lf , J ° l Y' ? we]1 as the obstructions to 

 y**** of the l P -°?^ - Il a PP ea red that, in con- 

 ?to of the n,;„ f ble evid coce in India of the 

 ^ had uT* ? the ^rigation by submer- 



2^ « within .„ P l| !. lded that the ^ should not be 

 > UltoSvl'g 1 d ! 8ta °? f as t,j ree miles from a 

 S^^ctinn of tul , dlstan ce were required for 



fr** certa L 1 ! P ° pU u lation of ItaHan towns >> three 

 li'^ee eW V in t0 2 sh ort a distance in India. He 



*° P^ceptible , f Li i - " g ? nd that marsh effluvium had 

 -^**ot wind Z miles ' After a continued pre- 

 S** WanTv ° VeV ,he mare bes and open ditch 

 r**« was the t,L :■ ?' P,ums tead, comparatively 

 Sl! 1 ^ ; e?er l ^composition here, scattered 

 W* ot with tlVt! nOW u n as such t0 medical officers 

 ^ *° occur ,rL 8X ' sh d, sease8-and ague, were 

 r *<* the^" 8 '.* 116 P°P u, ation to the very 



^■"Va officl P° ln SOme of the wporto of 



that itrZV w m stated as conclusive and 



N*il-«S«Hl 8pW Tj t0Vl i m ma de,"only afew" 

 ^^ To thSlr!li. 0WUr r ed amon g st the adjacent 



cheap rate at which water was raised in India by simple 

 means, there could be little doubt that the experience 

 here as to economy of construction and working were 

 applicable, mutatis mutandis, to India. It should be our 

 mission to introduce into that country the most advanced 



Name of Place. 



NOTTIXGHAMSHIRE. 



Duke of Portland's \ 

 Clipstone Meadows j" 



Edinburgh. 

 Craigentinny Meadows : 

 High Level 



Sea Meadows 



cited in proof of the possibility, by similar adminis- 

 trative appliances, of altering completely the condition 

 of that empire within the span of one generation. 



The following is the table of the comparative cost and 

 working of the two descriptions of works, as applied to 

 the distribution of liquified manures : — 



Mode of Application. 





Total cost 



of works & j £ "So - 



apparatus 



per acre. 



2 ty p, . 



fa 



Old Meadows 



IkTrt 1 ? 





<** 



** f «w» tevZ h ° U , nderst <><>d the 8uhject,how- 



K222 ° f Sr cVW H e ^ a lew), denoted the 



^^* r! - v <ieveloned n ° US ir,n »^^B than the 



4€d WW- But this supposed pro- 



Wiltshire. 

 Wiley Meadows 



Devonshire. 

 Duke of Bedford's \ 

 TavistockMeadows J 



Berkshire. 

 Pusey Meadows 



Staffordshire. 

 Duke of Sutherland's ) 

 farm ; nearTrentbam J 



Glasgow. 

 Mr. Harvey's farm 



Glamorganshire. 



Porth Kerry Farm 



Ayrshire. 

 Mr. Kennedy's Myre > 

 Mill farm m , j 



Mr. Telfer's Cunnin 

 Turk farm 



Lancashire. 



Mr. li. NeU8on*8 j 



II ale wood farm ... j 



Cheshire. 

 Mr. Harrold Little-) 

 dale's Lis card farm j j 



Marquis of Ailsa, Leg > 

 or DnuduiTfarm ... j 



63 

 38 



22a 



150 



90 



( Catch-meadow, gravitation, 

 \ and open gutters 



f Steam engine, pnmps, and \ 

 \ open gutters and panes... j 



f Gravitation, open gutters, 



\ and panes 



Gravitation, open gutters. 

 and panes 



f Bed-work of ridge & furrow, ) 

 \ gravi tation & open gutters j 



f Betl-work & catch-meadow, ) 

 \ gravitation & open gutters j" 



£ 

 120 



s. 

 



d. 

 



Obsen 



31 14 11 



100 



S3 



508 



50 



5CS 



18 8 5 

 11 16 10 



20 



13 2 10 



50 



j Catch-meadow, gravitation, 

 "J and open itters 



Sfcm engine,pumps,nnder- \ 

 ground iron pip gutta- 

 percha hose, and jet pipe ) 

 Steam engine,pumps,under- ) 

 ground iron main pipes, y 

 ^ & iron distributing pipes I 

 S Gravitation, iron pipes, and \ 

 \ gutta-percha hose j 



\ Steam engine, pumps,nnder- } 

 ' ground iron mains, gutta- >■ 

 percha hose, and jet pipe ) ! 



4 9 



6 5 5 



2 17 1 



2 7 7 



1 7 74 

 17 9 



I 10 



1 17 4 



10 5i 

 10 5£ 



7 



4 4 11 



19 S 



6 8 



15 



1 18 1 

 1 8 24 



1 17 



1 14 Si 



9 5 



4 Si 



7 7 



4 4J 



9 51 



14 3 



13 9 





I 





\ 



6 9 





4 





13 9 



13 



3 2 6 4 &1J0 6 



( Previously worth from 3s. 



< to 5s. per acre, per annum, 



(_ produce now up wards of 12*. 



f Average rental, upwards of 

 X 16?. per English acre. 



f Worthless 25 years ago,now 

 X worth 520/. pr English acre. 

 * Maximum rental, 25/. per 

 ( English acre. 



Four heavy crops of Grass 

 per annum. 



f Land more than quadrupled 

 in value after only lire 

 (_ years irrigation. 



{Land not previously worth 

 more than 5s. per acre, now 

 yield 6 heavy crops of 

 Grass per annum. 



Tanks coos true ted sufficient 

 for 300 acres. 



10 feet thick of Grass cut 

 from an acre in 6 months. 



Tanks construe ted sufficient 

 for 300 acres . Upwards of 

 9 feet of G rass grown. 





Ditto 



4 4 



6 



3i 



4 4j 





190 



150 



Ditto 



4 6 11 6 6} 





50 



Ditto 



Gravitation, underground ) 



iron mains, gutta-percha | 



h< , and jet pipe ) 



4 9 



3 3 





11 1 



10 91 



i 70 tons of Grass cut from an 

 \ acre in 6 months, 



f 14£ feet thick of Grass cut 

 X in 7 months. 



6 Si 



9 



3 16 5 5 SJIO 1 



("One dress in g o fl i quid found 



9}K equal to 25 to 30 tns. of solid 



( farm-yard manure per acre. 



O 1 did q n ; S A 4th crop of Grass, equal 

 a s$,u » 14 | to 10 tons per acre. 



A3 n v cAs 12 stacks peran. previously, 

 4 ! *{ 00 sstacks last year. 



TJio new model farm at Glasnevin, in Ireluad 

 been laid down on this nriucinle. which has also 



adopted by Lord Grey and L 

 which will be at work tais yea*. 



Kinnaird on farm 



