372 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, 



other fact in natural history, that all trees will do so 

 when they have acquired sufficient age, although 

 the lengtn of time demanded hy Nature to pro- 

 duce fertility is uncertain, and varies from species 

 to species. Ill the course of these .experiments it 



New Plants. 



128. Abies Hookeriana. A. Murray, in Edmb. new 



Phil. Journal, i., 289, t. 9.- 

 129. Abies Tattoniana. J bid. 

 "This species is allied to A. alba. The cones have 



has been ascertained that the conditions necessary | C0Q8iderab f e rese mbhince. They are of the same colour, 

 to the Man<:osteen in a domesticated state are 

 abundance of warmth, moisture, light, and above 

 all fresh air, skilfully regulated as is described by 

 Mr. John Ivison, the present gardener at Syon, at 

 page 819 of our volume for 1854 ; where the 

 manner in which fkesh air, that most important of 

 all agents, is admitted is fully explained. These 

 conditions anybody can imitate. The difficulty is 

 to obtain fruiting plants, and for these we must look 

 either to supplies in Wardian cases from Penang, or 

 to propagation in this country by cuttings or layers. 

 Perhaps grafting on such stocks as Xanthochmus 

 pictorius may also succeed, but it is doubtful 

 whether specimens so obtained will either thrive or 

 "stand." Plants * on their own bottom,' as gar- 

 deners say, are alone to be trusted. If such could 

 be produced, they will come into bearing imme- 

 diately, for that maturity of organisation which is 

 necessary to the formation of fruit is transmitted by 

 subdivision, along with every other quality. 



That the Syon Mangosteen tree has really attained 

 complete vigour, and a power of bearing fruit here- 

 after regularly, is proved by the fact that the fruits 



" " It is true 



[Jink 2, 



closely covered with blunt convex whole^W^ 

 not depressed at the sides, as to resemble th* ' 

 Junipenis phcenicea or some such plant Th °* * 

 ends of the twigs remind us of Juniperus in^J"*"} 

 appears to be very handsome. ' a * '• 



hitherto ripened are perfectly organised, 

 that no seed was found in the fruit that was first 

 gathered; but one lobe had a seed in the third 

 specimen which has been examined, and Rumphius 

 expressly declares that in Amboyna, where it arrives 

 at perfection, usually only one lobe contains a seed, 

 and very often no seed at all is formed. 



One thing which will always give the Mangosteen 

 a peculiar value at the tables of the great, beyond its 

 incomparable quality, is the impossibility of render- 

 ing it common. There is no country within reach 

 of our shores that can produce it naturally ; it must 

 always, therefore, be a tender exotic, and confined to 

 the wealthy, as Pine Apples once were. It possesses 

 the valuable property of keeping well and travelling 

 well. That which was shown at the meeting of 

 the Horticultural Society had been gathered several 

 days, and yet proved excellent when opened. 



We take the present opportunity of repeating 

 that it is no small triumph to the Duke of Northum- 

 berland that his Grace's garden at Syon should be 

 the only one in the world in which Vanilla, Cloves, 

 Nutmegs, Litchis, and Mansosteens have been 



brought to equal perfection. 

 no one has fruited Vanilla and Litchis except the 

 noble proprietor of Syon : for the first ha<* long ago 

 been produced in other gardens, and the Litem 

 ripened formerly in the forcing-house of Mr. John 

 Knight, of Lee Castle. What we do say, and what 

 we think is a most striking illustration of what 

 wealth, intelligence, and skill may effect, is that all 

 the five important productions we have enumerated 

 were never before brought to perfection in one and 

 the same establishment ; unless perchance in some 

 Dutch island in the Malay Archipelago. 



We find in the " Revue Horticole " an account of 



Esculents, which are said to deserve 

 Having no personal acquaintance with them 



We do not mean that 



two NEW 



notice. 



and the scales in both are somewhat saucer-shaped, and 

 have their edges smooth ; but Hookeriana has the cone, 

 and more especially the scale, seed and wing larger. 

 These, as well as the bract at the back of the scale, are 

 differently shaped, as will be seen from the figures in the 

 etchn*. The habit of the tree, and the manner of 

 growth of the leaves, is alao different. In A. alba the 

 leaves are inserted pretty regularly along the branch. 

 In Hookeriana they are crowded together, curling up- 

 wards a litte, after the fashion of A. nobdis. 



« This Abies has also considerable resemblance to A. 

 Pattoniana, introduced three or four years ago by 

 Jeffrey, the collector sent out by the Edinburgh Oregon 

 Expe iition, and as that species is little known (having 

 only been described and figured in a private circular 

 issued by the Association), I shall enter a little more 

 at length into the distinctions between the two than 

 I have done with A. alba. 



« Both A. Pattoniana and A. Hookeriana are trees of 

 exceeding beauty, but the former is described by Jeffrey 

 as being 150 feet in height, and towering over the rest 

 of the forest. The height of A. HookeAana was only 

 about 50 feet. One tree that my brother cut down 

 measured 47 i feet in height, and was 20 inches in 

 diameter at the stump. The timber is hard and tough. 

 It is more distinguished by its gracefulness than its size. 

 With the exception of Cupressus Lawsoniana (to be 

 presently mentioned), my brother describes this as the 

 most beautiful of the new discoveries which his expedi- 

 tion produced. Its gracefulness and elegance were the 

 qualities on which he particularly dwelt. ^ The cones 

 of the two trees give many points by which to dis- 

 tinguish them. They do not differ much in size, but 

 those of A. Pattoniana are of a dark brown colour, and 

 those of A. Hoolceriana of a light fawn colour, some- 

 what of the hue of the cone of our common Larch, or 

 of Abies alba. The scales of A. Pattoniana are a third 

 or a half smaller than A . Hookeriana. They are deeply 

 crenulated quite down to the place which the bract covers, 

 and that place is smooth and prominent. The scales of 

 Hooker'ana are not crenulated, an evanescent raised 

 line only shows itself here and there. The shape of its 

 scale also is not regular ; it is cut out on each side, but 

 one side is always more cut out than the other ; where 

 the cutting-out has commenced, the scale has thinned 

 off, so as to be membraneous. In A. Pattoniana there 

 is no such thinning off nor cutting out. In its scale the 

 place where the two next scales have lain over it is not, 

 or at least is scarcely, to be distinguished from the ex- 

 posed part. In A. Hookeriana it is very marked, there 

 being an immediate rising or thickening in the line of 

 the scale just beyond where they lay, showing the ex- 

 posed part very distinctly of a curved triangular shape. 

 The surface of the covered part in A. HookeHana is 

 duller and more opaque than the exposed part, and the 

 streaks or raised lines are less perceptible. In A. Pat- 

 toniana no such difference exists. The bract in A. Pat- 

 toniana contracts at about two- thirds of its length from 

 the top, and has a projecting purple ear immediately 

 before the contraction. A. Hookeriana has no such ear, 

 and the contraction takes place at one-third from the 

 top instead of two-thirds. This ear is not to be con- 

 founded with a sort of projection which both have at 

 the top angles. The seed and the wing of A. Pattoniana 

 are both about one-third shorter than in A. Hookeriana, 

 and the wing of the former has a purplish -brown tinge 

 at the top and back, which does not exist in the latter. 



^ VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY— No. LXXlV 

 "318. Chlorosis 7. (Accidental and FuicH^h 

 Yellowness.— Before leaving this subject, whichSS 

 be greatly extended if different species of plants affSj 

 by the diseases were treated separately, it may bemS 

 to say a few words on the Chlorosis of Vines. It u^2 

 uncommon in badly-managed houses to see the folk!! 

 of Vines either wholly or in part of a sickly yeliowtE 

 Where it is partial it may arise sometimes from keenfo 

 the branches too thick, and if this is the caaeT' 

 easily remedied, but the evil often extends further J! 

 scarcely a single vigorous leaf is to be seen on the pta 

 If the disease is much aggravated the shoots are mL 

 the blossoms if produced at all set badly, and tfj 

 Grapes when formed do not arrive at full perfection • 

 and if it is of less immediate urgency, shankto* md 

 other bad effects are sure to follow. In almost every 

 case the evil arises not so much from the construct^ 

 of the house as from the condition of the roots, and it 

 is there that the remedy must be applied. Ingenerti 

 the condition of garden soil is such that it is a grett 

 mistake to plant deeply^ It is trae that in Madeira urf 

 some other Vine countries where the soil is rocky, aid 

 is subject to burning heat, it is found that the euttinn 

 can scarcely be made too long. Moisture can <3y 

 be found at considerable depths, and the soil u iq 

 porous that there is no fear that the air slioaU 

 not penetrate sufficiently, much less that there shoaH 

 be any stagnant fluid, impregnated with noxious matter 

 to impede the growth. The conditions, however, ire 

 totally different in our gardens, and after a prop© 

 drainage has been secured it is often desirable, with a 

 view to prevent the penetration of the roots too deepl 

 to place a course of stones or some other obstacle. 

 taking care, however, that it shall not interfere withtke 

 drainage. It is easy enough to supply moisture or 

 nutriment from above if these be requisite ; or, if then 



we confine ourselves^to a translation of what i^said j This species was found high up the Californian moun- 

 tains, about lat. 41° N., where the ground was already 

 covered with snow, on the 16th of October. 



" We have named this species in honour of Sir W. 

 Hooker, who has done so much for the botany of this 

 country. The species A. Pattoniana was justly named 

 by the committee of the Oregon Botanical Association 

 after Mr. Patton, of the Cairnies, in Perthshire, a gen- 

 tleman who is following out with equal zeal and dis- 

 crimination a series of experiments, having for their 

 object the ascertainment of what new Pine and other 

 forest tr^es can be grown with most advantage in our 

 climate." 



about them by Mr. Mulleu, superintendent of the 

 Botanic Garden, Upsal, who sent the seeds to the 

 Botanic Garden, Hamburgh. 



" I particularly recommend to your notice these 

 two new kitchen garden plants, Chcerophyllum 

 Prescotti and Rumex vesicarius. We received the 

 first from St. Petersburg!* in the spring of 1852, but 

 it did not occur to me till last autumn that its fleshy 

 root, as large as a Parsnip, might be worth cooking. 

 The seeds being then ripe it was to have been ex- 

 ected that the roots would prove woody ; but 

 was agreeably surprised to find it tender and very 

 nice (de trfo-bon gout). In flavour it is not unlike 

 the Turnip-rooted Chervil (Chcerophyllum bulbosum), 

 but as it is much larger and good even after seeding, 

 it is a much more useful plant. Cultivation will 

 probably increase its size. In my case the seeds 

 were sown in spring, but I should expect the roots to 

 become larger if the seeds are sown in autumn, like 

 those of Chcerophyllum bulbosum. The plant is 

 perennial and not biennial like that plant. As it is 

 a native of Siberia, cold has no power over it, and it 

 succeeds perfectly in good damp garden soil. It 

 might be called the Turnip-rooted Siberian Chervil." 

 The other plant, Rumex vesicarius, is a kind of 

 Sorrel, When dressed like Spinach," says Mr. 

 Mullet*, it is very nice. The leaves are slightly 

 acid, and if mixed with common Spinach greatly im- 

 prove it. The plant U an annual, with great fleshy 

 leaves, and grows perfectly in any rich moist soil." 



These \wo plants seem to deserve the attention of 



seedsmen. 



130. Cupressus Lawsoniana. A. Murray, in Edinb. 



new Phil. Journal, i., 292, t. 10. 



"This was the handsomest tree seen in the whole 

 expedition. It was found on the banks of a stream in a 

 valley in the mountains ; it is about 100 feet high, and 

 2 feet in diameter. The foliage is most delicate and 

 graceful. The branches bend upwards at the end like 

 a Spruce, and hang down at the tip like an ostrich 

 feather The top shoot drops like a Deodar. The 

 timber is good, clear, and workable. 



■ This species has been named after Messrs. Lawson, 

 the enterprising nurserymen of the Scottish capital, who 

 after having distributed aid made generally known so 

 many species of this family of trees, are well entitled to 

 have their names connected with a species likely to 

 prove a general favourite ; and the attention comes 

 well from my brother, who, if he has received praise 

 and commendation from others for the extent and ex- 

 cellence of his collection, has received from these gen- 

 tlemen the solid pudding, they having purchased the 

 whole of his collection at a liberal price." 



This b*s singularly small cones, m4 branches so 



be any fear that the heat shall injure the superficW 

 roots, to mulch the ground to such a depth as may h 

 necessary. If these conditions are secured there is m 

 fear that the foliage within the house will be unheiltt 

 except some palpable cause exist within ; and if the 

 foliage is good, at once free from rank luxuriance and 

 meagre yellowness, the crop is almost sure to succeed. 



319. The same principles apply to fruit trees, which 

 often suffer from Chlorosis induced by bad dminii^ 

 It is quite useless and unreasonable to expect that u 

 orchard will be profitable if the temperature of the sub- 

 soil be constantly depressed by stagnant water, which « 

 loaded at the same time with matter inj urious to hedtk 

 It is true that trees may thrive on the banks of a m- 

 ning stream, but then there is a constant succession <* 

 fresh fluid. In the other case the growth will be 



miserable ; the branches, in consequence of ^ esJ * 

 gishness of the bark, will soon be covered with Mosswd 

 Lichens ; the young shoots will not be properly expo** 

 to the effect of light, and the whole tree will gradually 

 decline, producing less and less every year, till it 



perishes altogether. ^. 



320. Chlorosis 8. Yellowness produced by jwwj 

 Fungi— It has already been remarked that the eflect m 

 some fungi is to stimulate plants and induce amore* 

 tense growth of chlorophyll, and Bunt was «Wuceo» 

 the most familiar instance. But this is by no meanat* 

 case with a large tribe of fungi, which live at ™«J2 

 of the tissues of the matrix. The chlorophyll J "J 

 cases may have originally been produced in P**J^ 

 fection, even in greater quantity than usua , 

 Potatoes attacked by Botrytis infestans, but into m 

 always the case. The Anemone leaves whiphare»i 



by ^cidiumleucospermum maybe recognised ^8, 

 by their chlorotic aspect, independent of tbeir ci - 

 form from the first moment of their appearance ^ 

 surface of the soil. In many cases, h ^ever, rf 

 arises from the appropriation by the p ^ 

 chlorophyll already elaborated, and thus n m 

 in our pastures and .cornfields nd*tai"*V^ 

 iesf Crowfoots, &c, exhibit a chl^W^ £ 

 by which a practised eye may at once w^ ^ 

 presence of some parasite. Happily t lie ^^ ^ 

 prevalent amongst what are commonly can ^ 



it is one amongst the many means provi ^ 



Almighty for the suppression of noxious »J ^ 

 preserving the balance of creation. ^ m ^ e at *ked, 

 ever, crops such as Lucerne, Tare 2 , *** y ^ja 



___, * __ r , _i _i _r .s^iiW ia Hnne without ^j ^ 



Popp 



and a good deal of mischief is done 

 of materially repressing the evil. 



of sulphur in some form or other would no ^ 



. r , . ., .. _• lr^m discovered vu* 



IH 



CAClOUS, 



but the evil is seldom disco\ 



late to apply a remedy. »j„&d bv J**£; 



321. Chlorosis. 9. (TeUownm produced oy^^ 



0«i« ^tti-uttuaio. */. v ~~— - flops an**'*" 



The pale unhealthy tint assumed by n J iders tiof. * 



the fly is an instance in point. A ne c ^ I1 1* 



this and like cases must, however, be r ^ ; B , 

 consider the effects of insects on regetatio 



_ rOLYGALAS 

 A KOTO theseTre some of the gavest 



and mo»«jJ 



inmates of our greenhouses. And ^ e or d.Da>7 2 



plants of easy culture, which, w.tn e bIo0l a£J 



Ln form fine large V™™}™***" ^ *<**£ 

 profusely, and remain longer in beauty j^ 



wooded plants. But, although all the 





