3S0 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



Moiiu* y> AUyg5ii.,a Bd *re on the milk dimmed during 01* 

 half oi the week. I make butter twice a wet k. 



1st meal 

 2d „ 

 3d „ 



4 th 



5 th 

 f'th 

 7th 



n 



n 



■ > » 



* • i 



• • • 



■ •• 



• * t 



• •• 



• t ■ 



• •• 



• • ■ 



Skimraediuilk 

 36 quarts 



39 



• ■ • 



• » • 



3<> 

 36 

 36 

 50 

 48 



ft 



n 



if 

 ft 



• « ■ 



• « - 



■ . . 



• • • 



• * • 



•• # 



Cream. 



9 



2 

 2 



3 



Total skimmed ... 274 



Crenm 



• # • 



Cream for families 



*8j 



Total cream from 274 quarts ... 

 A considerable portion of my milk is sold when new. The sale 

 of this varies in quantitv, and leaves less or more each day for 

 better. Mr average yield per day is 145 quarts from lo cows, 

 from which I obtained in April 160 quarts per day. Before th 

 cream was churned I tried to ascertain its quantity by observing 

 to what height it reached in (he cream jar, and then filling tins 

 with water to the same height, when 18 quarts were *^™*! 

 the jar being more than 12 inches wide at the top, a slight de- 

 viation in ascertaining the height of the cream would account for 

 the difference of the * quart, 17J quarts being shown by the 

 separate measurement. The consistency of the cream after 

 having b1 od till churning is such that a piece of wood 

 2 feet 3 inches Jonir, 1 inch by i inch, on being dipped to 

 half its length in the cream, retains, according as its is im- 

 mersed, its upright or oblique posture ; to measure it out by sepa- 

 rate quarts i* therefore troublesome. The churning commenced 

 At an early hour this morning, before 4 o'clock. Temperature of 

 dairy 49°, of cream 52°. The cream was churned in quantities 

 of about 6 quarts at three times. The first churning cream 

 alone occuped 30 h. inures; with the second and third 1 quart of 

 fresh water was added to each. The time occupied was 45 minutes 

 for each churning. The whole of the butter was of firm good 

 quality, that with the addition of fresh water having the prefer- 

 ence. The result of these three was 17 rolls 6 ozs., 25 ozs. to the 

 r>ll, of well made buttt-r. On deducting the 2 quarts of water, 

 there appeared full 5 quarts of butter-milk, without taking into 

 account that portion washed out in making up the butter. These 

 remarks confirm what I have previously stated ; indeed, under 

 like conditions of temperature, <&c, there have been but slight 

 variations during the six months in which these tests have been 

 applied. Taking the cream as measured separately, 17| quarts 

 yielding 17 rolls 6 ozs. of butter, show one roll of 25 ozs. per 

 quart of cream, minus 6} ozs. on the whole. As computed on 

 the aggregate, 18 quarts yield 17 rolls 6 ozs., show 24 ozs. of 

 butter per quart of cream, minus 1 oz. on the whole. The com- 

 parison of butter to milk will be — 



Quarts. 



Rolls oz. 



Skimmed milk... 

 Cream churned... 



Cream used 



* t • 



■ ■ • 



* ■ • 



• t« 



274 

 174 



292 j 



Produce of butter 

 From cream used 



t • • 



17 



1 



6 

 6 



18 12 



Gives from 16 quarts 25^ oz. of butter on the morning of the 

 26th inst. The whole of my milk which had stood 36 hours 

 became sour; the temperature on the previous day ranged at 

 60°. Early on the 26th I, in consequence, adapted my dairy to 

 summer temperature, by supplying a shallow cistern of 3 inches 

 deep, in which my milk bowls stand with cold instead of warm 

 water, which latter I use during cold weather. The water enters 

 the cistern at one end, and, after travelling through the bowls, 

 and filling the cistern to the depth of nearly 3 inches, escapes 

 through a hollow perforated tube at the other end of the cistern ; 

 the taps are then adjusted so as to allow a constant trickling 

 through the clay; besides this, a blind or curtain of strong calico 

 or -cotton fabric is hung before the trellis window, on to which 

 cold water is spirted several times during the day, through a 

 rose attached to a small gutta percha tube, so as to keep the 

 curtain wet throughout the day. A thermometer with the 

 bulb immersed in the water denoted a temperature of 51°; 

 one out of the water even with the top rim of the milk 

 bowls, 55° 30' ; one on a shelf of wood, 2 feet above the 

 bowls, a temperature of 60°. A thermometer placed on the 

 utside wall to the north, and in the shade, denoted a tem- 

 perature during a great part of the day of 72°. I need 

 scarcely add that the result of the summer adaptation is most 

 satisfactory ; indeed, the experience of former seasons leaves me 

 no room to expect any reenrrence of sour milk during this summer 

 season. Having satisfied myself that with a temperature much 

 wader 50° I lose perceptibly in gain of cream and butter, and also 

 with a temperature of 60° I suffer horn my milk turning sour, I 

 cannot but remark on the lack of attention evinced in this country 

 to the proper regulation of temperature in dairies, not only in 

 small bur, as far as I am aware, also in large ones. In the 

 several treatises on dairy husbandry in the Journal of your 

 Society, I do not recollect having observed any allusion to the 

 policy of regulating the temperature of dairies. During the 

 present season, certainly an uncommon one, I found it advisable 

 to contmre the warming process almost without interruption till 

 the first week in May, when the thermometer ranged low— fre- 

 xi-fv?- 7 curing the night at some degrees below freezing point, 

 within jess than a month I am necessitated to resort to means 

 of subduing the temperature by the process I have described. 



" Thomas Horsfall." 



Agricultural Improvement of Ireland.— At the 

 late meeting of this Society the half-yearly report was 

 read, from which we make the following extracts, 

 bixty new members have been added to the Society 

 since the last half-yearly meeting in December. 



Twenty-eight local farming societies are in connection with 

 the central body, and others on the eve of revival, which promise 

 to form an important auxiliary to those already in operation. 



At the Carlow meeting of the Society, to be held on the 8th, 

 9th, and 10th of August next, the Council anticipate a large and 

 important agricultural exhibition. The implement class in the 

 premium sheet have received their most careful consideration • 

 money prizes to a large amount have been substituted for medals 

 in order to meet the wishes of exhibitors. 



Chemical Analysis.— This department forms one of the most 

 useful and important objects of the Society, and the Council have 

 to report the increased desire of members to avail themselves 

 of the services of Dr. Apjohn, particularly in the analysis of 

 Suite ^ other manurefi > so necessary as a prevention against 



The remainder of the report related to the office of 



^t^' and was fol,owed b y » long discussion, in 

 wmen the discharge of the duties of that office, and the 

 arrangement for the future of weekly and monthly 

 meetings of the Council were considered. It resulted 



IL it*; ?° pt,0 r u f the same ™ le *s that which directs 

 the meetings of the English Agricultural Society. 



w he gives his experience this public form for 



„ lent of English agriculturists. We shall not 



quote the extraordinary statements of profit derived 

 from its cultivation given at the end of his book, hut 



and no 



the benefit 



extract in which he describes 



flowers had been allowed to ripen. InsteSTtf 

 seed from the second, and therefore twice-mown 

 a frequent practice— feed - 



**i 



gravity of it 

 1000': that 



confine ourselves to an 



the treatment of 



its maturity : — t . - 



« I advise the preparation of the land to be made for 



an August or September sowing (the earlier month to 

 be preferred), which is well understood by the general 

 terms of plough, clean, dress, and pulverize ; Grass seeds 

 cannot vegetate upon clods, sow two bushels of seed per 

 acre each way of your land, two this and two that way 

 across, from the broadcast machine, the long trough and 

 barrow, bush harrow lightly, &nd wait for a crop. If 

 weeds grow, hand weed the first crop, and you will not 

 be troubled again during the two years the plant stands. 

 If your plant is vigorous, it wants nothing till you have 

 a cutting ; if it be weak, mix two cwt. of guano to the 

 acre with some earth or damp ashes, and give it a 

 dressing while it is young. It is important to have a 

 large crop the first cutting ; almost all your success 

 depends upon it. It is better to give two dressings if 

 your land is poor, than to have a light crop the first 

 time. If you cut a small piece of land for your daily 

 supply of Grass, you have but a small piece of land to 

 water, your liquid will suffice ; but if you have to cut a 

 large piece of land, you will have that large piece to 

 water, and your liquid may be insufficient. Be assured 

 of this, that the plant will repay you for any extravagant 

 dressing you may give it. You may grow 5 tons to 

 the acre, or 15, or you may grow 25 in one crop. I 

 once grew a much larger crop, but it could not stand ; 

 it was 5 feet 1 inches high, and was borne down by its 

 own weight. Urine is the very essence of all manures, 

 but it wants using with great judgment. The specific 



differs in different animals. Water being 

 from pigs is the lightest I have tested, 

 it is about 1006 ; that from sheep next ; from cattle, 

 1015 ; that from horses and human beings is the 

 heaviest, about 1020 to 1025, according to the quan- 

 tity of salts they contain, all being influenced by the 

 food taken. Urine being collected from various ani- 

 mals without water will weigh about 1018; one part of 

 this to two of water will reduce it to 1006, which 

 is, I think, the most economical method of using it 

 to the plant. It may be given stronger, if it can be 

 afforded, but should not be given weaker. An acre 

 will require for one watering about 3500 gallons. One 

 watering produces one crop upon tenacious lands ; very 

 open light soils might require two, if so, it would well 

 repay the cost. I must not mislead those who have 

 not used the liquid. Urine and water, of the specific 

 gravity of 1006, would be too strong for common 

 Grasses, and would entirely destroy Clover. Common 

 Grasses should have one of urine, four of water ; 

 Clover, one urine, six water. I do not think it a first- 

 rate dressing for Clover. I must also observe that 

 dung water from yards. open to rain should only be used 

 as water to reduce the urine, to be tested with the 

 urine meter. Where pipes under ground and the steam 

 engine are used I have known a plunge pump inserted 

 to stir up efFectually all the deposit in the tank of putrid 

 flesh and animal dung, to be forced through the pipes 

 and cover the plant with it. This I think a mistake. 

 The food is rendered filthy for the animals to eat ; 

 they walk over it again and again when turned out to 

 graze, eat\ng as little as possible, and tread it to waste. 

 It is unfit for the plant to digest ; although it will be 

 filtered in some degree passing through the earth, ac- 

 cording to the tenacity of the soil, it will not be rendered 

 sufficiently clear for the immediate reception of the 

 plant. If the plant cannot take up the liquid imrae- 

 ately it is applied, a great portion of it is wasted. The 

 object of liquid is an immediate effect upon the crop of 

 Grass, to be grown in three or four or six weeks. I 

 should not use liquid manure for any crop that was to 

 be six months in the land ; I should use the substance 

 which would not be dissipated before the plant be per- 

 fected. I think they have two different merits ; the 

 liquid for the present, the solid for the future. They 

 should no more be huddled up together than our sove- 

 reigns and shillings should be in our pockets." 



No plant probably is so gro.^s a feeder as the Italian 

 Rye-grass, and by none can so large a quantity of 

 powerful manure be economically assimilated. The 

 above quotation describes a plan of management of 

 which our readers can avail themselves for the cultiva- 

 tion of the crop after Tares, Winter Beans, or even 

 after the grain harvest of this season. 



the end of May, and reserve the second »owthTf * 

 part for your seed. By letting the first crop ifi 

 the land and of the crop previous to their blossoms, the second crop may be too late for-* 



ing favourably ; besides, the plants will be more ** 

 from not having suffered the exhaustion of a 

 maturity. 



*% 



**mi 



" Clover will not bear tedding like common Grt»« 

 the leaves crumble, or become discoloured if ^^1 

 to too much weather. The best mode of saving it bJ 

 turn it over with a hay-fork, until, by the evapori 

 of superfluous succulence, it has shrunk at least ^n3 



in thickne 



least 2 inch* 



" From the small cocks in which it should be 



»*, 



it may be ricked on the fourth* day in real sum2 

 weather, but in our uncertain climate, rain will jj 

 interrupt the process ; nothing then can be done • wiit 

 with due patience for a dry day. The self-fermenfotifli 

 of the Clover, by which it retains its nutritious juice* 

 and only loses its watery particles, is the true principle 

 by which the process of converting Clover into ha? 

 should be conducted. The Rev. Mr. Klapmejer of 

 Courland, has made both his theory and practice known 

 in England through Mr. Taylor, who some years ago, in 

 a very lucid manner, conveyed the communication to 

 the Editor of the Irish Farmer s Journal. By his proa* 

 the sap-vessels are expanded by the circulation of the 

 juices through the agency of heat, and the exceaof 

 humidity is dissipated ; on cooling, the sap -vessels con. 

 tract, and thus future internal fermentation is prevented, 

 and the nutritive elements are preserved. Mr. Klip. 

 meyer allowed his Clover to remain in the swathe until 

 4 o'clock p.m. of the day following the morning of cutfeg; 

 it was then raked into little cocks, and afterwards pit 

 together for fermentation into very large ones, tram pW 

 down by one or two men's feet to accelerate ferment* 

 tion, which, if the night be warm, will commence in i 

 few hours. After a sufficient fermentation arose,- 

 proved by the usual appearances of smoke in open* 

 out the Clover, and some change of colour, it was sprrn 

 out, and in the afternoon (of the third day) carried into 

 the barn without danger of a second fermentation. Th 

 is an excellent mode of producing the fermentation hj 

 which the saccharine qualities are developed; r i 

 resembles, 1 observes Mr. Taylor, 'in some degree, tb 

 process of making malt from Barley, and requires 



similar attention.* 



" Heavy rains fall in Belgium, as in England ; there- 

 fore the intelligent gentleman who has made known tte 

 details of the process in favourable weather gives ample 

 directions for saving Clover in unfavourable seaw, 

 when partial fermentations will occur amidst delays vd 

 interruptions. His principle seems to be, that intem 

 fermentation should be induced, though it may be by 

 slow degrees ; he recommends, therefore, the separata 

 of the unfermented portions from those which hire 

 heated, for the purpose of undergoing the process it 

 some time of the course. The closing remark of minute 



-« The fermentw 



Clover remains good, even if it continues some wetb 

 exposed to the rain, provided it is at last Buffered W 

 dry before it is put into the barn, otherwise the *w 

 from the rain will render it musty and ba Vj" 

 Clover which has been for so long a time e *P*** " 

 the rain will not, however, be so nutritious as tnatjnwi 

 has been well fermented and sooner dried, but it inn 

 superior to that which has been exposed to tUerainaPi 

 got up in the common method.' 



and lengthened details is important : 



Mi 





Notices of $oofes. 



Wil. 



In ^\f™ frjromry Italian Rye-Qrass. By 



£*. growers of the pjanf "ft oLkL^ EC 

 daced good sorts of seed, and grown enormous crops ; 



The following extract, from Mr. Martin Doyle's little 

 book on "Small Farms" (Routledge & Co.), on hay- 

 making, will soon be appropriate to the season : — 



" Cover and Haymaking.— If you have a due propor- 

 tion of Clover from the sowing of the preceding year, 

 you will have to convert the principal part of it into 

 hay about the middle of June. I shall suppose that 

 some of it has been previously mown for soiling : mow 

 the main crop before the blossoms are ripe, particularly 

 if any Rye-grass is mixed with it, else the stems of 

 this will be hard and wiry, and deprived of their 

 nutritious qualities. If you can seize upon a favourable 

 time, with the wind N. or N.E., the probability is that 

 you will cut and carry the crop without its receiving a 

 lirop of rain. Never wait beyond a week of propitious 

 weather, even if the Clover be a little nnder-ripe, on the 

 chance of the continuance of such season. By cuttin g 

 early, too, the second growth will be accelerated and 

 more abundant, and the land less exhausted than if the 



« As you may have some part of your law, or » 



not included in the regular farm departmen , »- 



meadow, I shall briefly notice the ordinary najw 



process, though not a part of *«*»" 0, .5!lA| 

 order to dismiss the subject of which Clover hajnUJ 

 is a branch. For your carriage-horses, honj* ^ 

 roadsters for fast work, if you have any « -'^ 

 which Clover-hay would be too foggy, nav 

 succulent quality will be necessary. ^miiaUf 



« In England, the art of haymak.ng » •» ^ - t 

 underwood, though from the rapidity witn w ^ 

 sometimes ricked, to obtain early f^tS^ 

 hay is often destroyed by spontaneous {»!"*,,,,« 

 never more frequently than in very ong ^^ 

 when the sun produces in it a deceptne ajpe ^ 



having sufficiently parted with its n^ ^ 

 sequence is that it heats excessively, w ^ 

 takes fire, and is consumed, or, if fave ^ 



tion, is so fire-fanged as to be deprived of an 



tary properties. , oa „„ rft fed a« "** 



•« Meadow Grass is tedded out and sepnje^ 



as possible, a few hours after tBem ^j, jjj 

 dow'n, and lurned - "^ VSM ■* Jj 



houTmaybe'g'athered into w i ndo ^ n Tday U the*fJ 

 cocks on the same day. On f*™^Zp**H* 

 should be opened out when the ^Turned V"£ 

 the already half-made hay repeatedly l b , ed ^B-J 

 day j in the evening the rows may be do g 



into much larger cocks than on the pre ^ ctfr *UJ 



uown, ana iiinieu »i uw»— ™- ■ - 



thoroughly to the influences of tne 



weather be fine, that which v™*™^^ into 



before 



into mucn larger cuv»» —-- - ay De«»**\,Ak 



the fourth day°, what was fi^J^d, a -£J 

 the rick ; and by having a ^''"aotities rf J 

 framework and ropes, the succeeding q^^ . ^ rfn* 



saved, can 



be ricked ; or, "£, 



according as they are »«",""' whi le the V**- 



falk, left out for a favourable time, 



under the tarpaulin is safe. ioDj the*^- 



« Whena_few acr^onlyare a q ^ve*" 



* Irrigated meadows, and all heavy crop 

 require a great deal more time. 



