ai— ^855.] 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 



that the union 01 uiem wim me cow l,tmiy 



».d of that cross in the next generation. 



therefore, in those herds where the "alloy" lias 



m/gmmely followed out, it may be estimated that 



5to£;h of* Galloway blood is the utmost pro- 



which exists in modern short-horns, and it is 



insufficient to obliterate any well 'established 



' to the original race. 





cr 



- 



±e 



pn; bel0Dg.~ o - „ 



But leaving the domain or speculation to pass to that 

 fret, are the improved short-horns good dairy cows 

 From a considerable mass of evidence which 

 1C elected to prove the affirmative of this proposi- 

 ng limits here only allow me to refer to 

 pamphlet of the Rev. H. Berry, who gives 



hag list ot cows ui me uiguebi pemgree, witn tne 



quantity of milk given by each. Several of 

 gave 24 quarts daily ; one 32, another 36, and one 

 much as W quarts. From this authentic testimr ny 

 to the esriy character of the breed, I must pass on to 

 the valuable article of Mr. Dickenson (Journal of the 

 Royal -Agricultural Society, vol. xi.) on the farming 

 d Cumberland, and the perusal of which I recommend 

 to all who are interested in this subject. He mentions 

 1 high-bred cow called Kate, which gave 13 quarts at 

 • meal and from this quantity yielded at the end of a 

 week 26 lbs. of butter ! About the fact itself there can 

 be no doubt, noting as it does on the testimony of her 

 owner, Mr. Fi-herson, of Harker Lodge. Another cow 

 _ tioned by Mr. Dickenson produced in 32 weeks 

 373 lha, of butter, being at the rate of 11| lbs. per week ! 

 If y own experience on the subject is, that while their 

 milking powers are at least equal to those of any other 

 breed, they possess over all others the great advan- 

 tage of taping their condition on food on which 



common cows would starve. I am far from maintain- 

 ing that all short-horns, are good milkers. Two causes 

 have contributed to injure them in this respect : 

 lat That being a point to which many breeders are 

 indifferent, they have selected their originals and con- 

 tinned to breed solely with reference to symmetry, size 

 and the propensity to early maturity. As therefore 

 not only -ood qualities but the lack of them descend, 

 it cannot be surpi ng that many short-horns give but 

 little milk. 2d. From the emulation of breeders to 

 ahow the finest animal at the earliest age, a system of 

 Tampering is begun at birth and carried on until the 

 tinznal is either sold or slaughtered, which from the 

 premature development of fat which it produces, tends 

 to depress every other vital function. This system, 

 ^ouraLleasit is for allowing the milk producing 

 ^wers to develop themselves in any individual sub- 

 JJJJJ* to it, is fatal when pursued for generation after 



o7lTpw Aft ,cl a !***' " fra **W to use the words 

 ^^i%i eg l D8 , t0react 0n or ganisation - and 

 iStli b8d m,,k i er l IS formed > "Aon* which individuals 



R s srr ; ch wm give no miik - Most *™^y 



4^ utte * ] y exploded, 



SSZul ,S *&*J* the *<*""«™ themselves and 

 -w duration. If they will not thrive on the ordinary 



iui ho many centuries, and this may possibly retan 

 moment the fullest development of the undertaking 

 opposition arising from such causes will soon cease. 



farm pro in Ar\-*-\^+irm~ „-> *._ a ... 



jg of other breeding stock, the 

 "woned the better. " 



sooner they are 



■Kit th*t .k„ , But Jt is tneJr pre-eminent 



*mi££ t7 afe » ,e b6st thrivers in existence. 

 i*»D tea M- £ fiV" Se,CCted and ™«™»"y treated, 



wS£ , nd i T s which wi " exceI the ™- Som e- 



ities rflS? !lr aDd < he same *"! g-e large 



qwititi 



When i~&u\ ""e 'V ge " eral durable. 

 Ci ' 1 °V h ! , nUmber of g° od miIke " I have 

 **iTl^S h °T\ and ^naberthatit ™s 



^produce / C0Dsider!n g the national importance 

 V ^Muah,v t " Se eVeT y exertion to render so 

 abm>C2 Peimanent - G °°<* milkers are not 

 ttd *» most TZ S any Variet y of the vaccine ^eies, 



Ti" f th * name nf P * W0 , ° r tI,ree 1 ears a wl »te 

 ***■ Kobemi, n ti g T> descend ed from the stock 

 ^"7 milker ' n i ,$u*, which was an extra- 

 * t«m»rk»hl n „:._H 01 ? nel . K 'ngscote'scow Honeysuckle 



accompanied by a numerous suite proceeded to make 

 the cimnt of the market, and to inspect the arrange- 

 ments winch have been provided for the aecommodatfon 

 of cattle, sheep, pigs, calves, with tboir buyers and 

 sellers. On reaching the pavilion an address was 

 presented in which allusion was mad* to the benefits 

 conferred on the metropolis by the transfer of ite prin. 

 opal market from a central to a suburban locality, 

 and to the interest shown by His Royal Highnow I i-i, ee 

 Albert in this, as in every other thing aftVctii.tr the 

 happiness and prosperity of her Majesty's subjects. 

 His Royal Highness replied as follows :_ 



'• My Lord Mayor and Gentle* ea,— Accept the expression of 

 m> Hearty thanks for your kind welcome, and for the gratifying 

 assurance of your loyal and affectionate attachment to the Queen 

 V,£? r family I have been much pleased by the opportunity 

 which your kind invitation has afforded me of "seeinc and admir- 

 ing the great work which you this day open to the public, 



*„ Z^T *!•":? T,0t ,? nIy ^ras all admiration in itself 

 £o»T m r « J 6 V xce " erice of *he arrangements and the magni- 



rn ,?h ° f . t! '!, deS ' pM ; b,U %vlli<!l w! "> 1 tn ' st ' 1* f««n«l eminently 



fts s, r,^ l°- h C0 "" On aDd heaUh ° f the Cit ^ «f London. That 

 its success will be commensurate with the spirit in which it ha 



&r ie £ a £« and Ca T- d 0U '' 1 cannot d0 " bt - A certain du! 

 removal of h? 1 *" f?. lnter f stS must iW^J "ttend the 

 fit III great city market from the site it has occupied 



'ZZJZS Z^fjJ&J™ ™7 Possibly retard for P tbe 



Bat any 



iarmers will 6,^ a ^^rn^^^^^ Zt con- 

 ferred upon them by the London c< oration, in the increased 

 facility winch will be afforded to them L the transaction ot their 

 S l " w aD v 1,fl comparative security with which they will he 



e " a fi b e * t0 br J.^ U P *** ««Pl»7 their valuable stock in tin! 

 great metropolitan cattle-market." 



Loud cheers followed his Royal Highnesa's reply, 

 lhe procession then re-formed, and shortly afterwards 

 the company, amounting to some 1 1 00 persons, sat down 

 to a most sumptuous cold collation, supplied by the 

 Messrs. Staples. 



tl Jo!™ 1 » -M y K !f^ t,,e toast of " ^^ Most **•«■ Majesty 

 ", Q D ' *"£' !t J! sc:irc ely necessary to state, was drunk, 



ntlpSfr 6 5 thll f ! ^ m 1 : Th0 Lord M *yor next proposed 

 nf\v«i V/J" 8 Koyal n, ^ hness Prin <-e Albert, Albert Prince 



of ^ ales and Hie rest of the Royal Family," and alluded to the 

 aftecuonate regard in which his Royal Highness was held by aH 

 classes of her Majesty's subjects, as tl promoter of the arts and 

 sciences, and of the general welfare of the people of this country. 

 --Prince Albert rose to acknowledge the toast amidst the most 

 enthusiastic i cheering. His Royal Highness said: My Lord 

 Mayor and Gentlemen,-! beg to thank you for the very kind 

 and flattering manner in which you have done me the hoaour to 

 flnnk my health. I assure you it has given me great pie: ire 

 in being able to accept the kind invitation of the Lord Vnvor 

 and to be present at the opening of this splendid and useful work 

 1 can only add that the oftener he shall invite me to similar 

 ceremonies the better I shall be pleased. Great works of this 

 nature can only be undertaken by public bodies, and carried out 

 with success by public spirit ; and I hail the present instance as 

 an earnest of your determination to accept the duties which your 

 position has imposed upon you. Its future success, I will only 

 add, will depend upon the bold and conscientious expeution of 

 those duties. Gentlemen, I again thank vou, and beg to con- 

 clude by proposing " The Health of the Lord May or and Corpora- 

 tion ot the City of London, and Prosperity to'the New Metro- 

 politan Cattle Market." His Royal Highness then departed 

 accompanied by the Lord Mayor, &c. ' 



On Friday the market opened for the usual transac- 

 tion of business. There was a much smaller market 

 than usual ; and it may be supposed that it will be some 

 time ere trade flows freely in its new channel. The 

 space enables all the arrangements of the market to be 

 more orderly ; and the lairage and other accommoda- 

 tion for both cattle and sheep will, no doubt, contribute 

 to make the Copenhagen Fields more a market for 

 store, as well as fat stock, than ever Smithfield was. 



II 



»ccipi«Hoi me jailing ram, made often 8 or inche 

 wide (with an upright, strong, and wired rim of the 

 same w.dth at the top) contracting to a neck an inch 

 wide at the top, half or three quarters of an inch at the 

 bottom, and about 5 inches long. This funnel is passed 

 into a rather wide mouthed class bottle, i i adapted 

 lirnily to its neck by a linen « >ress wrapped round 

 the junction of the tube. Safety from fracture is thus 

 provided, and the funnel remains secure in its position 

 even during a strong wind ; evaporation is also pre- 

 vented. As the quadrature or squaring of a circle is a 

 problem which has never been absolutely solved, a 

 square funnel 8 inches in diameter is reconun ended ; 

 ana tins can be made with great accuracy by a clever 

 workman who appreciates the object and understands 

 his business. Tfie square of 8 inches (i.e. 8 x bv 8) is 

 64 ; and therefore a divisor is at once provided by which 

 the volume of water obtained can be accurately 

 measured ; whereas if the funnel be round and of the 

 same width, its diameter must be multiplied by 3.142 

 decimal fractions to obtain an approach to a correct 

 estimate of its superficial square inches. A cubic 

 inch of rain water weighs J52J grains, and this 

 forms the basis of every calculation. A standard 

 measure can be prepared by correctly weighing an ounce 

 glass phial with so much rain \\ er m it a* 11 exactly 

 balance the scales, the 252| grains ing added to the 

 tare weight in the one scale. The water le?el .should be 

 marked either by a sharp file or by the point of a fine 

 camel-hair pencil and a little paint Thus also, the 

 weight of any portion of a cubic inch can be ascertained 

 and marked on the phial, and by this standard a glass 

 vessel (with a lip) or an ounce medicine phial may be 

 graduated from two to any number of cubic inches, 

 with much accuracy. The apothecary's measure glasses 

 might be used, provided allowances were made for a 

 slight deficit in their capacity to the extent of 10 to 15 

 drops in each fluid ounce measure. It now remains to 

 describe the method of fixing the rain guage. It should 

 be premised that the instrument must be situated as 

 nearly as possible to the surface of the ground, other- 

 wise no just comparison can be drawn between the 

 water in the bottle and that absorbed by the ground, 

 for it has been proved that in proportion to the increased 

 elevation of a guage, is the volume of writer therein 

 diminished. (See Dr. Charles llutton's " Philosophical 

 Dictionary," vol. 2, article Rain, p. 279). A flower pot 

 of 24th or 16th size, sunk to its rim in any open spot 

 of ground near the dwelling, may receive the bottle, 

 which will be secured and protected by half a gallon of 

 moist eand placed round it. The total fall of rain during 

 the five months of this year, to June 1, amounted 

 to no more than 5.62 inches. This deficiency of more 

 than one-half of the usual average could not have 

 been ascertained by other instruments or registers ; and 

 thus the utility of a simple gauge upon every farm is 

 substantiated. And, in addition to this argument, we 

 have a right to infer that were the land thoroughly 

 broken up and pulverised from 9 to 12 inches in depth, 

 the rain which falls unon its surface- — he it redundant or 



one case pass 



Attn, 



« 



' cultivate t ? "licit, mis pomt 1S so 



?"*7 is Zn '• f ° r the same qwality. Mr. 



***> I 4* ' ,»1 ^ 8r thaD ' CVer k " e ^ thera 



& 0ld » » nLf! W , *!?. Dame one wW< * at nin * 



Blind Lah 7*'" 



Sbe m .. i .(«07), &c, and ha^s MVprinheiftr. 



Mie is by Napoleon (1 0552) dam by 



ll^ 8h <*t.hor^ u ? ^ hlch I am extending with 



**£*<**» ;£?»«£? * ♦ " COncIu ? i ', n J ™y »& that 

 2^-niB an/ 1 bl 1 , , Cat ' on an art,c,e o° the breeding 

 S^tioi, It ? U therefore ^el obliged for anv 

 2?^ ,ni * « „A breeders containing facts in refer*- 



Z^B'xi to shot m P °' ntS n w ° rt,, ' V ° f n0tice - I shaJ1 

 SHpen to K *™ y . Sma11 herd t0 » n * breeder who 



S* •**% kert « i tlDg this neighbourhood. They 

 ** - *J ohfect^ <° Se ° fan y neighbouring farmer, 

 froi » new Jmi i make chee8e ' the «J T e8 are 

 t hr eedeS of a l an . f arl '' er 5 e than is usual 



SSk 



Home Correspondence. 



Waste LmuL—I was very glad to see your remarks, 

 p. 36*1, on reclaiming or improving inferior land. It is 

 a subject especially applicable to the Highlands of 

 Scotland, where thousands on thousands of acres of 

 good land are left in a state of nature and annually 

 deteriorating, by the encroachment of Heather, Birch, 

 Alder, &c, on what little Grass there is. As a general 

 rule, sheep farmers do nothing to improve the pasture 

 except now and then a surface drain or two, and of 

 course it gets worse every year. In many places the 

 ground would bear ordinary farm crops, and at any 

 rate Mr. Fowler's plan might be adopted, or even 

 cheaper modes of improvement ; anything is better 

 than going backwards. A large breadth is also cleared 

 for deer forest. We read of the barbarity exhibited 

 when the New Forest was made, but it seems the same 

 thing in the nineteenth century is all right and proper 

 when done by Highland lairds or English sportsmen. 

 I wish some English agriculturist of Mr. Fowler's school 

 would pay an agricultural visit to the Highlands, and 

 give the world his opinion of the state of matters, leaving 

 sporting out of consideration for the time being. A. C. 



The Farmer's Bain Gauge. — The instrument on which 

 I propose to furnish a few concise remarks has of late 

 come greatly into vogue, and is constantly referred to 

 in the leading periodicals. The object of a rain gauge is 

 to ascertain the almost exact quantity of rain which has - 

 fallen in certain places, and within a precise period of I 

 time. Therefore, if the quantity be discovered, the depth I 

 of ground into which the rain has penetrated after a 

 few hours' quiet interfiltration mav be inferred with 

 sufficient accuracy. "** ' " ' 



' n <*-o»-Trmt 9 Junel2. 



THE 



°»**f ARKET 



L^^mTlVT^}?' 1 ^ "J the Lord Mnv.,r 



3^ 



AT COPENHAGEN FIELDS. 



arrived 



measures r ^ 



tary Board of Croydon had been undertaken, and as 

 some instruments were subsequently procured by parties 

 interested in the inquiry concerning the quantity of rain 

 which usually falls in this reputed dry loealitv, he 

 resolved to prepare two instruments for his own experi- 

 ments, the results of which have been so satisfactory as ' 

 to induce him to ofler the following simple directions, 

 by which any intelligent person can possess himself of a 

 good and trustworthy gauge at the outlay of from &.6U , 

 to 5s. It is customary to employ a round funnel as the i 



under the average volume — would in 



freely into artificial drains or a natural ^ 



soil; or, in the other, would permeate with facility the 

 land prepared and rendered fertile by appropriate 

 machinery. The greatest fall of rain that we have 

 registered at Croydon fell on the 13th May, when 

 1 3 fluid ounces were found in the bottle, and proved by 

 the standard measure to be equivalent to 26 cubic 

 inches. The surface of a round funnel, measured by 

 its girth, was 27 inches, the diameter 8£ inches, or more 

 nearly 8.6 inches, the square of which =73.96 inches. 

 The divisor so given may be taken as 74 ; therefore 

 26 cubic inches falling upon a circular surface of ground, 

 equal to that which would be marked by the rim of the 

 funnel inverted, and pressed upon it, would have 

 entered and filtered through that small portion, had it 

 not been intercepted and retained by the bottle. Now 

 the decimal process by which the result was obtained, 

 consisted solely in dividing 26 inches by 74, the pre- 

 sumed square capacity of the funnel rim — the product 

 being 0.35 inch. Mr. Glaisher gives a fall of 0.7 

 inch on the 31st May, being double the quantity found 

 here. Such are the uses of and valuable products 

 detected by rain guages. They prognosticate nothing of 

 he future, but they record local facts, which tend to 

 the advancement of agriculture, as we hope has now 

 been rendered apparent. Croydon, June! \ 



Mangold Wurzel. — I notice in your Paper for Satur- 

 day, June 9, the statement that Mangold Wurzel is in- 

 jurious to breeding sows and to little pigs ; this was also 

 asserted some years back in your Journal, but after- 

 wards contradicted by another correspondent. The 

 present reassertion of the statement has startled me, as 

 I have just some 5 acres of Mangold for breeding sowa* 

 winter food and their young ones. I, as an old sub- 

 scriber and occasional correspondent, would feel greatly 



obliged by some authentic information on the matter 



to say, an answer grounded on experience 



and little 



that is 



lhe writer of these lines was whether Mangold is injurious to breeding s 



le measures adonred bv t.h« snni- «,•..» ««^ _i— . «,i,«.u^« ««~i.« & 



»j ■• — — — — ^h> ■** ^m^ w - &_v m-t* 4LA ^m|L A ■ L ml ■ * ■ 



pigs, and why ; whether cooking or souring the roots 

 prevents their injurious action. M. R. 



Societies 



ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND. 



Monthly Couxcil, June 6.— Mr. Raymond Barker, 

 V.F., in the chair. ** - 

 elected. 



Finances. 



~ w» mmrnrn n *iai.»iuju *^ii«uiiivj 



Forty-five new members were 



-irman 



