

412 



HE AmtTCrLTURAL GAZETTE. 



P*to 16, 



Monthly examination «l the accounts, from which it 

 appeared that the current cash-balance in the hands ot 



the bankers was 28761. 



Jovknal.— Mr. Thomson, Chairman of the Journal 

 Committee, reported the following adjudications :— 



I To the Rev. TV. R. Bownnvn, of St. Andrew's, Wake- 

 ' told, Yorkshire : the prize of 30/., for the best essay on 

 the chemical changes which occur in the decomposition 

 of dung. 



To Robkrt VAM.KNTiya (land-survey or\ of Bnrcott 

 Farm, Leighton Buzzard : the prize of 10?., for the hest 

 essay on the retention of moisture in Turnip soils. 



The Committee aho reported the following recom- 

 mendation, which was adopted by the Council : 



in future, under the head of "¥isc six ascot 'a Com- 



" a portion of the journal be allotted to 



• m *t c-^ *,. *« .».. mar 



II. 



That 



CATION . 



short paper* from such member* «>f the Society as may 

 favour tfc« Journal Committee with an account of any 

 matter of special interest which has come under their 

 notice, in the management of their farms, or in their 

 immediate neighbourhood. 



CiiF.MirAL Investigations.— Mr. Thompson also re- 

 ported from the Chetnical Committee the following 

 recommendation, which was adopted by the Council : 



That in fuiurr>. tlie one or more subjects of lectures to be 

 giwen I the Society's consulting-chemist, in the fol- 

 low ing .spring, be fixed before the Council adjourns over 

 the Minimer v-cation ; and that the subjects for chemical 

 ^ lector** in 196G be fixed at the Monthly Council in July. 



Cari.t b Mr itfng.— Mr. Raymond Barker reported 

 from the General Carlisle Committee the progress of 

 the arrangements for the Society's Meeting to be held 

 at Carlisle in the last week of July next. 



Special Council, June 13.— Mr. Miles, M.P., 

 President, in the chair. 



Carlisle Meeting.— Mr. Raymond Barker re- 

 ported the further arrangements made by the general 

 Carlisle Committee in reference to the ensuing country 

 meeting at Carlisle. 



Judges. — The Council appointed the Judges of live- 

 stock for the Carlisle meeting, deferring the appoint- 

 ment of Judges of implements and machinery until the 

 next monthly Council, when the report of the Implement 

 Committee would be received, and their recommenda- 

 tions taken into consideration. 



Papehs and Lectures. — The President, in referring 



to the resumption of the business of the weekly meetings 



•of the Council, announced the following arrangements : 



1. That on Wednesday the 20th of June, at 12 o'clrck, Mr. 

 Thomas Scott's Paper on the Production of Butter and 

 the management of Dairies, would be read ; and Mr. 

 Slaney's statement on a simple and economical mode of 

 removing soil from one part of a farm to another. 



That on Wednesday the 27th of June, at 12 o'clock, 

 Professor Way would deliver before the members a 

 lecture on the use of Fish as manure. 



That on Wednesday, the 11th of July, Professor Simonds 

 would deliver before the members a Lecture on the 

 Physiological Conditions affecting the quantity and 

 quality of Milk secreted by the Cow under different 

 circumstances of Feeding aiid Management. 



booh, and How.»f, as u.uaJ, ».,d .he *^ 8 to steam- 

 ei.sines were made to Mr. Hon.sby and Mr. Tuxiord. 

 The wet weather of the first days was succeeded by 



me wet * e » ,ne ' , nd ,i,e principal day of the 



sunshine on the Inursaaj, »«« » r r </ 



meeting was thus a most successful one. . 



The Pvultrv EMbitim in connection with tins So- 

 ciety* show of stock experienced a one share of atten- 

 tin and proved that good birds will rt.ll rea hse good 

 ,,rices. Two hundred and eighty pens of poultry were 

 entered for competition, besh.es 71 pa.rs of ptgeons. 

 The arrangemenfs were with a few exceptions good 

 the useful poultry being placed in one large tent, and 

 he bantams and pigeone in a small or what may be 

 termed "fancy" tent. On the first day we noticed 

 that furds were very properly placed over the pens 

 stating the variety of their occupants and the name ot 

 the owner, thus saving the visitor the unnecessary 

 trouble of constantly referring to the catalogue. On 

 the following morning, however, that part ot the card 

 on which the name ot the owner was written had dis- 

 appeared ; and for what purpose, unless to effect a com- 

 pulsory sale of catalogues, we are at a loss to imagine. 

 Anyhow, the general opinion (in which we heartily 



coincide) was that such a proceeding ought not to have 



Jn consequence 



commencement 

 not well repte- 

 The following is 



£ s. d. required to draw a loud of one ton alnne a «m*B«i 

 various gradients is as 6d. where horiiont&l to M. 



fc 



Mrs. 



2. 



Mr. J. 1?. 



3 entries. Mr. Cyrus Claik, 



;;. 



Bath and West of England. — At Tiverton, last 

 -week, this Society had a very successful annual gather- 

 ing. On the Thursday, especially, a multitude of people 

 visited its well-filled show-yards. The Devon breed of 

 •cattle was not so well represented as might surely 

 always be expected at the meeting ©f a West ot England 

 Society ; the Hereford s were entirely awaiitiug ! There* 

 was it very admirable show of implements, most of our 

 principal implement-makers contributing specimens. 



The public meeting on the show day was well 

 attended and signalised by a useful address from Lord 

 -Ebrington on Agricultural Education. 



Ilia lordship offers for three years a prize of 201. " to the sons 

 of the yeomanry of Devonshire, between the ages of 18 and 25, 

 just entering upon life, upon obtaining a certificate o I competency 

 in scriptural knowledge, and who should pass the best examina- 

 tion in that acquirement ; also in the English language, and in 

 the GeogT*phy and History of the British Empire, and in practi- 

 cal mathematics. And he announced that he had the assistance of 

 three gentlemen who had consented to aid him, namely, the Rev. 

 Chancellor Martin, Sir Stafford Northcote, and E. Dymond, Esq., 

 who bad promised to conduct the examination "for him, and 

 to g.> carefully through the candidates* papers/ also making 



ira vote examinations of each candidate and arranging them in 

 classes, and placing every individual, as at Cambridge, according 

 to the manner in which he had answered at his examination." 



We doubt not that this offer will produce some degree 

 of emulation among those who are already securing to 

 themselves the education which Lord Ebrington desires 

 to extend. Whether its main purpose, that of exciting 

 anxiety on the subject of education where it does not as 

 yet exist, shall he served by it, we very much doubt. 



Among the prizeholders for Devon cattleare Mr. Davy, 

 of North Molton, for the best three-year old bull ; 

 J. W . Buller, Esq., for the -d best three year and two 

 year old bulls ; also for the 2d best pair of yearling 

 heifers ; Mr. J. Bodley, of Creditou, for the best two year 

 old and yearling bulls ; Mr. W. Farthing, of Bridge- 

 water, for the 2d best yearling bull, and for the 2d bje&t 

 cow and the best heifer; Mr. J. C. Halse for the best cow ; 

 Mr. F. Webber, of Tiverton, for the 2d best heifer and 

 the best three cows in calf. Many of the best known 

 breeders of Devon cattle were absent— owing, it is 

 understood, to their refusal to submit to the decision of 



on the 



received the sanction of the directors, 

 of the severity of the weather at the 

 of the year, the chicken classes were 

 sented, and the entries were but few. 

 a list of the successful competitors : — 



Class I.-Spanish: 7 entries. Mr. Daniel Parsley, Bristol; 



Mr. U. D. Davies, Spring Grove House. , Q „ a Ur> 



Class II.- Spanish Chickens : 1 entry. Mr. Buckley, Llanelly, 



Carmarthenshire. . w 



Class III.— Dorking : 19 entries. Mr. H. D. Davies ; Mis. II. 



Fookes, Blandford. _ . 



Class IV.— Dorking Chickens: 5 entries. Owner unknown, 



Mr. II. D. Davies. „ ___ _ , 



Class V.— White Dorking: 10 entries. Mr. W. Symonds, 

 ilbone St. Andrew ; Mr. Coleridge, Ottery St. Mary. 

 Class VI.- White Dorking Chickens: 2 entries. Mr. Man- 

 field, Dorchester, 2d prize. 



Class VII.— Cochin China, cinnamon, buff, and lemon 

 Fookes, Blandford; Mr. Crane, Tnlpuddle. ■ * fA-i . 



Class VIII.— Cochin China Chickens. Mr. Rodbard, Aldwick 

 Court; Captain Snell, London. 



Class IX.— Cochin China, brown, partridge, and grouse. Lev. 

 G. F. Hudson, North Petherton; Mr. G. C. Adkins, Edgbaston. 



Class X.— Cochin China Chickens : 2 entries. Rev. G. F. 

 Hodson; Mr. Kingdon, Exeter. ■ ; 



Class XI.— White Cochins. Mr. Cyrus Clark; Rev. J. 11. 



Gandy, Taunton. 



Class XII.— White Cochin Chickens: 2 entries. 



Rodbard, 1st and 2d prizes. 

 Class XIII.— Black Cochins : 



2d prize. _ . „l l tt 



Class XIV.— Brahma Pootra. Mr. H. W. Davies; Mr. R. H. 



Hush, Clifton. ^ m T „ „ 



Class XV.— Game, white and piles. Rev. T. L. Feliowes, 



Beighton Rectory; Mr. Jos. Symonds, Gorwell. 

 Class XVI— Game, black breasted and other reds. Mr. G. C. 



Adkins; Mr. J. R. Rodbard. 



Class XVII.— Game, duckwing and other greys. Mrs. R. 

 Fookes, Blandford ; Mr. W. V. Drake, Lockwood. 



Class XVIII.— Game, black and brassy winged. Mr, W. V. 

 Drake; Mr. E. Farmer, Greer. 



Class XIX.— Malay. Mr. J. Leighton; Miss King, Taunton. 



Class XX.— Hamburghs, gold pencilled. Mr. Thus. MCann; 



Mr. J. B. Chime. B . ' 



Class XXI.— Hamburghs, silver pencilled. Rov. T. E. *el- 



lowes; Mr. Edward Archer. • 



Class XX II.— Hamburghs, golden spangled. Mr. Hugo; Rev. 



T. L. Feliowes. ' s M .,, 



Class XXIII.— Hamburghs, silver spangled. Mr. Chune, 



C> albrookdale. ,_ 



Class XXIV.— Polands, black with white crests. Mr. G. O. 



Adkins; Mr. P. P. Edwards, Lyndhurst. 

 Class XXV.— Polands, gold spangled. Mr. R. II. Bush, Uif- 



ton; the same, 2d prize. ,,„.,.. 



Class XXVI.— Polands, silver spangled. Mr. G. C. Adkins; 



Rev. G. H. Gandy. r 



Class XXVII.— Special Prizes. Mr. H. D. Davies, for Ran- 

 goon: Rev. T. L. Feliowes, for Black Hamburgh. 

 Bantams. Messrs. Adkins, Ballance, Bayly, Loders, Mapple- 



beck, Rodbard, and Ford. 

 Ducks. Mrs. Ford, Mrs. Fookes, Messrs. Ballance and Edwards. 



Turkeys. Messrs. Edwards and Rodbard. 



Geese. No entries. 



it hap been practically demonstrated that the exptueerf 



arising gradient of 1 in 30. If we adopt This oS22*2 fc 

 feel sure it will be found very near to the fact we aJ^JM?* 1 

 other points being equal with respect to formatka^f 

 dition) the comparative saving of a level road over »* 

 gradient of 1 in .30 is 2d. per ton in the ordinary cost aid US 

 cation of horse labour on a farm. As a level road 

 more economical than a hilly one, so a straight aiid ami) 

 mnde road is better than a tortuous field tract over a 

 soil. This twofold proposition is so manifest that it 

 proof. But in order further to test t important 

 u What is the value of a farm with geed and sufficient 

 communication, and what the value of the same form^ 

 any ?" let us suppose a farm of 500 acres of a heavy eUii2 

 with the homestead in the centre and good public roi 

 twosides'of it ; 500 acres will^cover a square of seven furk^ii 

 side, Now it would probably require two miles of roaftTSt 

 moderate accommodation to such a farm. This atantreE 

 price of 5/. a chain, will cost 800*., and if we take tbe ictaStf 

 5/. 2s. 10rf. per cent, (the rate of instalment for rept 

 principal and interest charged by the General Lrnd Draiatn 

 and Improvement Company) the annual charge will be 41 

 Is such a farm permanently improved by tbe acquisition of t 

 road to the annual amount of 412. 2s. 6d. crl*.8*\ per am 

 When we consider that this annual sura of 41 .'/. flrf. »j]j 

 barely cover the keep of one horse and a half fit does cot iaorl 

 exceed what I understand to be Mr. Thoma> tatementofta* 

 keep of one horse) without regard to the wear and tear of tat 

 horse itself, and of carts, harness, and implementa, I thiak 

 we shall all answer in the affirmative. In such a farm ♦( HO 

 acres, 400 acres being arable and 100 acres \ ire and 

 the produce of manure will be under ordinary s^od hi 

 merit from 1400 to 1520 tons of manure in thevhol-. TWi^i 

 suffice to give a dressing of 12$ tons to 116 acres and the fi- 

 ef miles travelled in tfoing that will be 966 out and btck, If 

 take the average road-lead to be one third of a u ile or ?7 

 Now if we remember that in heavy land we maynotcaHpi 

 our horses to pieces, but positively injuriously affect tbe \mk 

 itself if we do not take advantage of every hoi; f drrweatlt 

 but prolong the operation during wet weather, it is hardl? p«. 

 sible to overate the advantage of a hard road which will ifc* 

 of a horse to travel at least 20 miles daily with the aim eta 

 that he will travel 12 or 13 miles, doing the same work ttaqti 

 clay mud. I repeat the difference of 28 days which the* ajem 

 show in the time it will require to get manure onto tk laai 

 is one consideration which will go far to meetintatwfti 

 outlay of making the road, leaving out of coaaderitka tbe 

 injury done to tillage as well as damage to horses by car 

 over clay soils in wet days. If, therefore, we add ill the* 

 advantages together, the gain in time— in power-in the — 

 and tear of carts and implements, and in the personal — 

 the occupier, there can he no doubt that Is.Sd. per wre 

 at least the value of the improvement in this assumed caavai 

 we shall not be outstepping truth and practice in the re*H* 

 we may adopt, if we assert in general but decided terms, that* 

 istence or non-existence of internal roads on a farm is aassa* 

 tial element in determining the rent that should be paidwa 

 and that the provision of farm roads being a f™aiientnj 

 ment, and in the case of clay soils a ver y cos tly one te« 

 properly a landlord's and not a tenants duty. I :»{("7"2 

 lion to have given some details of the mode of »>*£ 1™» 

 roads, particularly through clay lands f nd or ^° ^Xttl 

 they are most wanted, hut time wi I not permit. 

 — that the advantages of laying the bed of 0« **m_ 



ex 





securely dry by longitudinal under- drams- one cm eaen » 

 the metalliiig-and laying the surface of the md drrt£ 

 drains on each side of the formation, aw ^^KJ 

 fully acknowledged, as well as the proti a ^ e .^™ 1 " t ^ te 

 (i. I burnt clay lumps) as a bottom stratum in those daj 



land districts^here ^^^^^^A 



exist, as the only means of approaching the an ds 

 owners and occupiers, who by combination icouW n« ■ 

 of the present facilities of applying ^'^^J, jn r 

 able by instalments for the purple- ^ m " 1D r for ^ 

 easily as single landowners may do «b ^ 



ing, and the erection of farm ^ lWin ?; , / Rlhldill * to j* 

 before you some cross sections of ; roads (^^ JJ 



which were exhibited) which may elicit 



practice of road making, and ot wM^VES fa, eicfl 



afford everv explanation You will observe hat m «. 



hich I shall be to 

 obse 

 the drainage for both surface and s^owii na* £- ^^ 



feu m<* care 



fully considered as the first essential in roa d-™™=" 

 per chain of making roads will necessarily ™V*_.J (r( 



loeafitr 



1 am now engaged in making them at prices , >ar> b ^ 



(51.10s. per chain. The sections placed JW fli ■ ^t 



Farmers^ Clubs, 



London, June 4. Road Management. — The following 

 is the remainder of Mr. B. Denton's paper : 



Macneill has shown us, by actual improvements made on the 

 London and Shrewsbury turnpike-road, that the comparative 

 force of traction required to draw a waggon weighing 21 cwt. 

 over a well made pavement was 33 lbs., over a broken stone road 

 of great hardness was 46 lbs., and over a gravel road was 147 lbs. ; 

 but I am unacquainted with any experiment showing the tractive 

 power required n move a waggon of 21 cwt. through a lias clay 

 soil during the wet seasons of the year. We do know, however, 

 from actual recorded trial, that the mere difference of whether a 

 gravel road be wet or dry changes the figures representing the 

 draught from 13 when dry and clean to 32 when wet and muddy, 

 and when we contrast these figures with those I have just quoted, 

 we shall be able to appreciate the resistance of strong and wet clay. 

 It is not possible to find material affording so many elements of 

 resistance to motion as unmitigated clay during nine months in 

 the year, for in addition to the impeding power of collision, fric- 

 tion, and gravity, you have the influence of adhesion, which adds 

 weight to resistance ; and it is this consideration, I presume, that 

 has led the Royal Agricultural Society of England to offer a 

 prize for the best essay on ** Farm Koads," with particular refer- 

 ence to clay farms. In all soils their power to resist motion will 



farm roads made in various parts of ^f^. h]ch & W* 

 r oad made in the red sandstone^ district. 



of which 

 a rougb pa^ 



4 



d 



8«rat limf 6 inches thick, was ™™ ed on °' e d with 

 blocking of the local sand, one rock .cove «a 

 of the g best limestone in pieces .that wo«W P 

 2-inch ring, at a cost of from 4t. 12s. Od.w hiefc 



w.TiJ! « ™*,1 intended for a fen ;»J™5Sw| 



The winace "■"--», <M 



„e screwed gravel Tbe estimate cost of ^ ;. ** 

 ner chain No. 3 shows a road made in iu ^j^, t»m 



KdKric*. The bottom *£&££$$» ***& 

 top screened gravel. The cost ot thw 6 e. ^ 4( , ^» 



p<-r chain 



bottom stratum is <>' <=«««;»"- -f" th ' f the « n "^i7«iH 

 cost will vary according to ede ^ The ««rt 



b7ained7from »• 1«». fW, to «. ™*~J^ n , , on *£ 



Mr. B AKE a had supposed I whe n he^ re^^ jp 

 that Mr. Denton would treat o u £ ^ geD^Jtf 

 roads to their farm l.ome.tead.tna ^ ^^ wi*^ 



cosi win »»-; »- — j tl . distance ir»u. 



roaus io mtu ,4 ""\— t , . because u u^'e"* v, ; *#*"? 

 the roads of the kingdom, ^e^ ate ^ m some p^a, 



,,ublic roads were in »^.^Sei. He was of f^J, ^ 

 In some places worse, than in ^ lIier ! ftkeI1 as a wbotej^y^ 

 main roads of the kingdom ^^ man agfm«?^K 



a 



and this had been effected ^by f^^^cies in ™£Zil* 

 Although there might be w>mc ae tl|afI i^n^^i 



he IstiU thought that , ; wasj-r ^ or less i^^^ 



board, for every Pf"^ "^ take the case o ^+* 



disposal of the funds. He wc jW ^ ^m 



an instance, and there it ^ouldje results atu^wrf 



-7. 5^"S!?iTa SvTSftlS .hen the ^^jgg 



any other jndges than those of their own opinion 

 character of ihe pure Devon hreed. 



Tbe prizes under ahort-homs vere carried 

 Me^rs. \\,dd lcom be,of Hay Ugborough ; Kev, 



Bowley of Cirencester; Mr. Abbot, of Long A*bton. 



Ih r re waa a fair .how of & heep, especially of Loagioab, 



Leicester, and Cotswold ; and, as we have said, a ver^- 

 full competition m the implement } ard, where the 

 prizes for ploughs were divided bet wee* Messrs. Ran- 



off by 

 T. G. 

 ; Mr. 



proportion 

 to the quality ot the land m those respects. In tenacious clay soils 

 the want of roads will be felt most; in a free gravelly soil it will 

 be felt least. Though anxious to gain an unanimous admission of 

 the economy of good farm roads, I will not dwell long upon the 

 importance of a levtl way or easy gradients in the roads we use. 

 It is bo seldom that we can venture upon cuttings and embank- 

 ments for farm accommodation, that it will suffice to illustrate 

 the Wantage of a level road over a hilly one, by stating that 

 whereas the number of tons a horse can draw on a hard Inflexible 

 tramway (and it is by no means visionary to refer to tramwavs 

 for the common service of well-arranged farm where the 

 ground is level is 13, tbe number he can draw where the gradient 

 is I in 100, is only 4 J. But this comparison hardlv puts the 

 case tangibly, nor in a homely view. We find many farms 

 abound in steep hilly slopes, with inclinations of 1 in 30 or even 

 steeper, and it will be more to the purpose, therefore, to state that 



bette 



the hands oi vm y"""~;~ hpeI1 great 

 diminished. There had been % ^ 



Materials were 



-; 



r. He had always ^'V^ates would be lD "^tfPl* 



a ,as of the .^^ 



i 



le rehad ceen ^ -- , tlH) »».«-j 1 | |» 



of the time of year; «« * — „ te survey -^ , «» 

 materials from their own , its^ 1 * or ^ U* 



surveyors trom_ suppl >«g £ „,„ wa s t ,. ..,«, ^ g 





e side of the road, and hlie f ^^ , 

 Where a road holds water, wnj ^ q |t g 

 step to take w 



the management OI _ "^7"i" n; and 

 board jobbery would creep ™ . 



to 



a ruau »*".-- - '«* r lv drain u« •*" ._ -a if^^I 



a ,ep to take would he to^ropej.. iggfJfA *> 



