

GARDENERS 



the 



from * * 



, T ery app»wt ,u °^ and weather-beaten specimens, 

 ■*. ii Mr. Murray brought home, but it forms a most 

 JSjb» feature in the plant as found by Mr. Lobb on 



Nevada of N. California, where it was a bush 



** 10 feet high. The specimens (No. 439) 



by Mr. W. Lobb, and from which Messrs. 



SfiTWe raised young plants, presented a most 



-utiaof appearance, with their green and glaucous 



^^ xriated with the deep rich brown of Tamarix 



their branches, and show that in youth and 



must be exceedingly handsome. 



CHRONICLE 



Both these stages require distinct study, and the first 

 hing is ,f possible to detect whether there is anv nLv I ^"^ W " WU " 1 t0 a88i P> a normaI anifo1 ™ 



liar stimnl»Hn>» «^„„:„i„ :_ it. — -i ... tv t"*-* 



I 



* " " ov V""* uirougn oerore tnev arrive at maturity 



^Si? 11 ne i« hb ?»rf»g girteii*. where tlie pb^^^^a^s M olllZ* "* °^ r ! ing this ™ Dt <* »*™ony that 

 healthy. Portions of the same seed might be sown ?n nnTfi ? Wne t0 the conclu8i ° n that it was neces- 

 different gardens, the nlants themspl vp«f r 7, m *i,.k_nuT I ^- . ,, ^ lnto accoun t not only the sum of degrees 



figocr the species 

 We had called the pla 

 in Mean. Veitch's h 

 pablished, it must yieJ 

 riven by Mr. Murray 



^:«v~ i . — w—« — w »vvu ujigui, uc sown in 



Afferent ; gardens, the plants themselves from the healthy 

 at.dta.nted soils might he analysed, and other methods 

 might be taken likely to lead to something useful. If 

 however, it is reflected how little is known of the causes 

 irom which malignant fevers arise in the human frame, 

 a failure cannot be discreditable, while on the other 

 hand success may lead to the most important results ; 

 and we have seldom seen an opportunity which opens a 

 fairer prospect. M. J. £. ' * 



ceivpd t„ j , " J . ouuer m wnicn "ley are re- 



do noi IrA ih u* ch glV,Dg ] °° of mean te-pewtore, 

 oo not produce the same effect as one day of 20° 



VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.— No. LXXVII. 

 *^05». Cflixmosis (Chlorosis of Onions). — There are 

 few cropi which amongst a number of healthy plants do 

 not present a few chlorotic individuals, distinguished by 

 their unhealthy yellow tint. Onions are no exception 

 to the general rule, and I have accordingly had no diffi- 

 culty in finding such individuals, for comparison with 

 the diseased plants now before me, after a search of one 

 or two seconds. There are, indeed, varieties in which 

 this yellow tint is normal, as in the case of the Jarge 

 yellow Leek of Rouen, but such instances, whether 

 peculiar or not to the particular variety, are not the 

 affection which I have in view in the present article 

 bit one far more nearly allied to the Chlorosis of 

 Hyscinths, and a very formidable malady. Whether it 

 it generally diffused or not I am unable to say. The speci- 

 mens under consideration were kindly forwarded by Mr. 

 Donald Sinclair, of Campsall, and present a very remark- 

 able condition. In the germination of the Onion the 

 eotyledonal leaf which appears above the ground in the 

 form of a little loop produces from a fissure in its side 

 the first and succeeding leaves of the plumule.* The 

 base of this leaf either retains the form of a sheath or 

 bursts at the base, according to its powers of dilation 

 and the whole soon withers away. The base of the first 

 leaf of the plumule generally remains entire, but it 



letimes happens that it is ruptured on one side, and in 

 »ch cases the Onion is seldom well formed and perfect 

 or becomes what is called by gardeners burst or thick- 

 necked. In the diseased Onions before me, the base of the 

 eotyledonal leaf » far mere fleshy than usual, uniformly 



S g »° n u° D ! Sld f and remai ning for a considerable 

 J*od i a tiched to the bulb. The sheath of the succeed- 



wLE ,S , T 7 Sl \ 0rt ' much Sickened, extremely 



te ta£ !? r !?\ a most cases ent * e but som ^ 



^fissured, and the blade itself looks unhealthy with 



iil Th P SS de ? ded , Ch,0rotic t5n S e marbli 4 t^ 

 5£ butt S 6 T edmg leaf , has some thing of the same 



-EhfoMow H m ° re r^ kled and flesh * whi, e those 



2 be £ J*r a / ecided y e,,ow «»£. each ™» 



fctorted .h-inLi a base > are often much 



Sle coZl aDd T tt,ed With 8 reen and yellow, 



«■« « dentfv n f base ° f . the you^ bulb is discoloured, 

 XwSw i Ul? nd,tl ° D ra P id, y tendiQ g to decay 



fcthepSt are^o dP f Very r P0Se ° f ^e cultivator, 

 fe ale Z , , deformed as to make them unfit 



■*£ at IZT 8 State ' SDd the y S ive no hope of 

 *« W Jeff?,™* ,p r hin « t0 ^rfcetion, should 



3- pJSS tha fo C r a ± Stage ° f gr0Wth ' The niost 

 * Wn P constlnS SSSTSSL CL^£fc H 



I 



THE INFLUENCE op HEAT on the PROGRESS 



OF VEGETATION. 

 [M. Boussixgault in his «* Economie Rurale," pointed 

 out what he conceived to be the importance of ascertain- 

 ing the mean temperature of the period of vegetation of 

 different plants in different countries. To do this it is 

 necessary to determine the time which elapses between 

 the birth of a plant and its maturity, and then to deter- 

 mine the temperature of the period included between 

 these two extremes of vegetable life. An examination 

 of these points in M. Bossingault's point of view, has 

 ed to the conclusion that for Europe and America the 

 length of time which elapses between birth and maturity 

 ia inversely as the temperature of the same period 

 I he following observations on this subject by M. Gas- 

 parm further illustrate the subject.] 



As soon as Reaumur had regulated the indications of 

 the thermometer, he sought to discover some relation 

 between the sum of temperatures and the duration of 

 the vegetation of plants. Adanson and Cotte endea- 

 voured to attain the same object, but they did not pos- 



T S »? 1 ?, eaDS ° f arriviD S at any exact results. Since 

 then M. Boussmgault, in a memoir presented to the 

 Academy of Sciences and in his " Economie Rurale " 

 has published some approximations between the sums 

 of temperature in different places and the period of 

 maturity of several plants. We have ourselves 

 endeavoured to extend these observations to plants 

 cultivated in Europe, and also to take into account 

 the effects of solar radiation. M. Quetelet was 

 struck with 



When, however, he came to apply 



th* ♦; m ~» Tt'" "IT """'ering of Lilacs, reckoning from 

 the tome when the frosts ceased, the two sum! gave, 

 daring several yeara results which were identical, 8 */ 

 4/6- for the sum of the degrees, and 1296° for the' £m 



fj n 7* SqU ! re8 ' ^ e ^ ave Wed lhe *** »«l>od for 

 two different years in which the flowering of Lilacs was 



SlWft* 16 - The , p,aCe WM Laon " In 1782, from 

 the 22d February to the 3d April, we obtained 577° for 



the sum of the degrees and 4770° for the sum of their 

 squares. In 1790, from the 22d January to the 10th 

 April, the; number of degrees was 477.7°, and that of 

 their squares .3410. Here we have no trace of any 

 agreement either between the two years or with what 

 was observed at Brussels. Taking the Grape harvest 

 at Orange we find, from the opening of the buds to the 

 harvest, in 



1847-3010 f ° r tbe 8Um of degm " ; G ? 4 f 2 for that of the squares. 



particular . 



S^^mSsisr 1 ^ ro - tted . 8tab,e dung > 



■^^ 'ikely to k 8 ^ ? y n °thmg in its texture or 

 ••PttondiS »«™ J i. T t0 health y g rowth > and yet 



* w gardens suZ/ * Onions transplanted from 

 ^*ZS?^ and Jo n r acquire the 

 ■^ ouly. Th,7^ *? plant therefore in its earliest 

 ^ *ctite aSLV 1S S ° me local infi «ence which is 

 U ^ <*h K Cann ? be doubted 5 wha * this may 



, ? ta ^t in nlhK ' com P aris <>n with similar cir- 

 2?*«»d it w?„i?L Dg i gardens can alone solve the 



S^^lmnH » • d ?r Dg g °° d 8ervlce t0 h0rti " 



nMh^. &*** step in Vegetable Patholoev. if the 



some anomalous results, and proposed 

 to use the sum of the squares of the degrees of tempe- 

 rature instead of the sum of those degrees themselves 

 and M. Babinet, proceeding from certain theoretical 

 data, came to the conclusion that the sum of the degrees 

 ought to be multiplied by the square of the number of 

 days of duration of growth. 



Such was the state of the question when we deter- 

 mined to examine it afresh. Our researches showed, in 

 the first place, that all the means previously used for 

 obtaining a comparison between the phases of vegeta- 

 tion and the temperature were open to objection ; and, 

 in the next place, we were induced to think we had 

 ascertained the causes of the anomalies which had been 

 observed and obtained a glimpse of what was still 

 required to place the whole matter in a clear point of 

 view. The present memoir relates to the researches 

 above alluded to. The first part consists ot an examina- 

 tion of the hypotheses which have already been 

 advanced, and the second contains the views which are 

 proposed to be substituted for them. The first part 

 consists almost entirely of numerical tables, of which a 

 short summary only is here given. 



Part I.— In the tables laid before the Academy by 

 M. Boussingault in 1837, and in those inserted in his 

 " Economie Rurale/' he has sought the sum of the 

 temperatures observed from the time when the frost 

 ceased, up to the time of the maturity of the plants. He 

 supposes frost to cease in Paris on the 15th of Feb- 

 ruary, and in the south of France on the 1st. His 

 results are : — 



The method of squares gives an approximation which 

 is even less close than that obtained by taking the sum 

 of the degrees themselves. 



Our learned colleague, ML Babinet, upon the ground 

 that the effect of a constant mechanical force acting for 

 a certain time is proportional to the intensity of the 

 force, multiplied by the square of the time for which it 

 acts, recommended a trial of the application of this 

 principle to the subject in 1 questional f we try it on the 

 examples already cited, we find that the vegetation of 

 the Lilacs up to the time of flowering lasted 81 days in 



1782, that the mean temperature was — = 7.12°, 



which, multiplied by 6581, the square of 81, gives us 

 44856. In 1790 we find that the vegetation lasted 

 79 days, that the mean temperature was 6.06°, Jwhich 

 multiplied by 6241, the square of 79, gives 37820. The 

 dissimilarity in these results shows that this method 

 is not satisfactory. 



If, as we ourselves suggested, the solar radiation is 

 added to the temperature of the air, the figures express- 

 ing the sums of the temperatures do not approach equa- 

 lity. Solar heat has an undoubted effect on vegetation, 

 but its action is not entirely of the same nature as that 

 of heat unaccompanied by light, and no good result is 

 obtainable from the addition of two quantities of dis- 

 similar nature. We thus see that it is necessary to 

 have recourse to other principles to explain the progress 

 or stoppage of the different phases of vegetation. The 

 examination of those other principles will be found in 

 the second part of this essay. C&mptes rendus. 



(To be con ued.) 



• • • 



t • • 



2150 degree 

 2160 

 2066 

 2534 



tt 



•5** *hen he h e r mt aUen *ively and report 



^ re 3**t to tKo • • e out aD ? thin 8 satisfactory 

 - r . to tbe origin Af +ii<a ^;-„««« ° t. • . , J . 



speci- 



^ Phut Vtt° fi rigin . ° f the disease * ° Jt ia evident 

 E* Principle wh; k X ?i 118tance has an over su PP Iv °f 

 Sortie* rjn? mdUCeS exuberant growth, pro 



"■fcc*. Tu- ? n an d Unnatural th^L-Pn.-™ „f *i,~ Lu" 



^TOrtion tikA " V4t * v " ca wuucraui growen, pro. 

 This is fi u " natural thickening of the sub 



« is Succeeded hv don MM ^ ~u«i - 



a rea ction of the system 



nal leaf of the Onion is singular. 



^5; 



SSs *fis. u i° f n r fort 



f ^^^p. whe 1 i ; a t , s P tof paint be placed at the*hi K hest 

 , %SK^ l y'8t«l^ r S 1S f «*»«itl y a little tubercle, it 

 •■^SLi 11 * Pon^n 7A h T e 7 er much tbe karate portions 

 *5?i£ hk * wit m\S ^ Ch ? d t0 the seed increases at the 

 Sd^ "hi* th* It l !\ ed in the acumen, at whose ex. 



gyn zal, and th« a tvom the soiL The first r <*>* li 

 LT^MfciW^w i„ r? c ma y ^ 8aid of a great number 

 ■^.TS^^tivJof th.* aSSes there are endorrhizal roots, 



S5a. f?S; ^ by whirh U tn Prima ^ F00t is t0 be foand ' * 



&m^ u WsTSr2lf tl ?i. e, ?. bryo is attached t0 the 



Z^ffi 1 CaQ not £ SI; ec * t - the , di8ti ^tion of endorrhizal 

 fiiES,^ nonoeaMS™ °/ t ! h " Journal on this subject as 



In Alsace 



At Paris 



„ Kingston (New York) 



„ Quiachaqui (equinoxial zone)... 



For reasons stated in the memoir we cannot for the 

 present admit the number for Alais which is set down 

 as 2121°. It will be observed from the above table that 

 the three numbers which relate to places in the tem- 

 perate zone are nearly the same, whilst there is a great 

 difference between them and that for Quiachaqui, which 

 is in the torrid zone. 



Tn the same manner we have treated the observations 



made at Orange for a mean of 33 years (in particular 



those of the years 1853 and 1854), and also observations 



for five different years made in the district school of 



La Saussaie, near Lyons. All these sums for places in 



the valley of the Rhone gave a maximum of 1966°, a 



minimum of 163 3*. and a mean of 1748°, different from 



that which was obtained in other meteorological basins. 



Lastly, at Lougan, in the country of the Don Cossacks, 



corn requires 2537° to enable it to arrive at maturity, 



which is the same as is requisite at Quiachaqui in the 

 equatorial zone. 



Home Correspondence. 



IIow to clear Choked-up Pipes or Drains.— The village 

 of Pompignan, a few miles north of Toulouse, France, 

 is supplied with water from a spring in the high ground 

 of the chateau, the water being conveyed through pipes. 

 These pipes are frequently choked up with roots, or per- 

 haps, as is there affirmed, by a water plant which 

 vegetates without light ; and to clear the pipes when so 

 obstructed, a chain is drawn through them. Now, as 

 drains are frequently choked in this country by roots, 

 might it not be practicable to clear them by drawing a 

 chain through them, as at Pompignan? Or rather 

 might not some better mechanical means of freeing 

 them be contrived ! For instance, a kind of disc of 

 metal nearly filling up the pipe or drain, and drawn 

 through it by a chain, openings being left at convenient 

 distances for the insertion of the disc and chain, and for 

 the extraction of the roots. In a system of pipes for irri- 

 gation some such contrivance should be essential. B. 



Bow to get rid of Cockroaches. — Permit me to say 

 that I and many of my friends (who recommended it to 

 me) have found " Emery's Beetle Poison " an effectual 

 remedy. Two or three of the little balls are placed in 

 the kitchen, &c. They are harmless to anything else. 

 It can be had of any chemist in London. H. M. 



Irrigation. — At a recent di3cussion at the Society of 

 Arts respecting railroads and canals, the irrigation of 

 the peninsula of India was a prominent feature, and the 

 conveyance of water for that purpose in close channels 

 was stated to be an improvement of a most important 

 nature, could it be effected at a moderate cost. The 

 desirability of covered channels was stated to arise from 

 the immense evaporation that takes place in open ones, 

 amounting, it was said, in Spain to a third part of the 



results 



If now we turn to spring Barley we find the following 

 numbers : — 





soon 



*ve sown this year have 

 ceases of any additional 



Lyngen, in "Norway, (70° of lat.) 

 Nertschinsk, Siberia. (M° ISM 

 Brussels 

 Versailles (1852) 

 Orange, mean 



• • a 



• » • 



> • > 



« • - 



• • • 



»• * 



• ■* 



•• • 



• •• 



• •• 



1055 degs. 



1482 



1765 



1549 



1500 



n 

 ft 



ft 



" 



All these anomalies show that, although the progress 

 of vegetation is evidently influenced by the sum of the 

 temperatures, it also depeuds on other causes, which 

 render it incorrect to rely on the ^temperature alone 



water distributed. If this be so, it „.. mmm 



manner of applying water to the land is of great im 

 portance, since by spreading the fluid over an extensive 

 space a considerable portion of the water must be lost 

 by evaporation, and hence the jet, which was advocated 

 J by the chairman (Mr. Chadwiek) seems unsuitable in 

 Tiot climates especially ; but his observation seems just 

 ;liat by irrigation a power is obtained of administering 

 vater at times when it is needful for the growth of 

 >lants, and of withholding it when prejudicial ; indeed, 

 ill the gentlemen who took part in the discussion were 

 manimous in the opinion that by means of irrigation 



