





A 



1 



1855." 



THE GARDEN]; U 



jbe f -rimeval Sgg that produced their own grand-parent, 



•rfcis lingular process of multiplication goes on, genera 



after generation, in favourable seasons up to the 



totth or eleventh successive aphis brood ; so that, if the 



of the thriving race were not thinned by the 



CHRONICLJ 



ranJDi 



FH!r. Rob !r iSon ?°* Kacliel Rawlins llf 



53 



Mr 



liss Kurdetf * i n'J mc » from tlieedf 



Beaut\ f Slough, 



kw^ 1:i HTi 1 ' n,c ' * Trd slrF - ***«£t""iE 



showed six blx)ms f among which were I)urh«ap , 





of depr ^tors, the descendants of a single first- 

 paitnt might number within one season ten thousand 

 pillion of millions, and this too without any renewal of 

 the fertilising infl uence." 



"This extraordinary production of successive genera- 

 tions of distinct living creatures from one maternal 

 parent, without any renewal of fertilisation for any of 

 the broods, has been designated « Parthenogenesis ■ 

 (Viifin-birth) by Professor Owen." 



After referring to a description, here omitted, the 

 author proceed 



** In tins waj 

 tioos in tee vej 



L»i 



•c. <»f Fancy kind 



. fc _— - - .Laving i. Pigeon and 



Am<y- Mr. Key wen were Mrs - ,£▼ 



bout _ _ 



pan by means of slips of wood, 

 so as to allow a free current of air over the surface of 

 the water, and at the game time impede the evapo- 

 ration ana prevent the -reater part of the dust and 

 **>t from settling on it. By this arrs meat, a 



... . _ iter is submit • to the 



oxidising influence of the air, and the fish and crab* 



by Uieir continual movements cane sufficient motion in 

 the fluid to exnose a fresh -„ r f a 



Miscellaneous 



Ihe City of Lmdon Cemetery at /'/orrf.—This, under 

 the control of the City of London Commissioners of 

 m Sewers, and occupying upwards of 90 acres, is progress 



grubs of the intermediate broods is reallv an ,n & towards completion. The chapels, lodges, and other 

 ad, rather than a perfect female, and is protruded ! arcll itectural matters are in a forward state. The turf- 



» , pushed forth in ^. roads > ^ » ftr « very far advanced, and the cor - 



cration is expected to take place about the end of 

 September. The sum of 1800/. is allot: I for the ex- 

 penses of planting, and we observe that notice is given 

 in our advertising columns that tenders lor trees' and 

 shrubs are required. We understand that the land- 



from the parental body & 



from the stems of plants. The early generations of the 

 aphis are budded rather than born, each bud separating 

 from the interior masses of the producing structure, and 

 finding its way into external space through a channel 

 left for the purpose in the organisation. The term 

 TUfjn-birth might perhaps be advantageously exchanged 

 for animal gemmation (animal budding). Iu gro ng 

 trees young buds, that are the offspring of some 

 primeval germ-fertilisation, produce successive genera- 

 tions of bodies like to themselves, without the interven- 

 tion of any fresh fertilising influence ; but after a time 

 Stamen and ovule-bearing flowers are formed, instead 

 of more generations of ordinary branch-making buds. 

 Then the matured seeds separate from the parent struc- 

 ture and fall to the ground, or are borne away to distant 

 regions by wings (in this case the wings of the wind), 

 in order that the race may be maintained in dormant 

 existence through the winter's cold, and be subsequently 

 again recalled into activity far and wide. But the wiag- 

 grubs of the aphis are scarcely more locomotive 

 than the leaf-buds of a tree. So long as there remains 

 Ihe smallest drop of sap in the stalk or leaf on which 

 they chance to be, they stick to their positions, unless 

 forcibly driven from them. It only needs that a 

 colony of them should be conceived to be bound 

 together by a common investment of skin, as they 

 he in their lazy ranks, and that the new buds 



ttould continue to shoot from this connected mass with- 



ant 



it 



win 



o- - — — «~- «~« un»ico wo pruuuueu ; ana mere 



tnen before the imagination a picture of an aphis 

 m puhtng forth its aphis buds, and at the appropriate 

 ••won blossoming its special reproductive apparatus of 

 ■paw flowers. The wingless grubs are to the aphis 

 •w»y precisely what the leaf-buds are to the perennial 

 ■Arab or tree ; and the winged and perfected insects 

 we *hat the flowers and seeds are to the perennial tree, 

 i^cii bears the same relation to, and performs the same 



scape gardening matt, rs connected with the cemetery 

 have been intrusted to Mr. W. Davidson, c \\ Great 

 Russell Street, Bedford Square. 



Envoi \ Veg Hon in Van Dicmcn's La £.— Many 

 common English weeds are naturalised about Georg. 

 town, and some are perfect pests. H ore ho and is even 

 where by the roadside, and Chamomile covers the 



fields and paddocks ; in many places to the exclusion of 

 Grasses. Thistles are fast going ahead all through Van 

 Diemen's Land, and no one seems to trouble himself 

 with them, although I have sc i, I bud pose, some 

 hundreds of acres given over to them, and -rowing 80 

 thick in some places that I have walked over my shoes 

 in the bed of Thistle-down which had blown from the 

 withered stems. Sweetbr r, originally introduced as 

 a hedge plant, is completely naturalised, and in placet 

 forms impenetrable thickets. It annually produces 

 millions of hips, and if let alone will soon" become as 

 great a pest as the Thistles. The common Furze is also 

 spreading, bat not so rapidly in the western country. 

 The Hawthorn grows perfectly, and forms excellent hed-es 

 as at home, but keeps within bounds ; though it, too, 



fruits abundantly. 1 have seen Oaks heavily laden with 



until the final generation well-grown acorns ; but there are no trees, M yet^ of 



, „ i_j j .,. large size. Elms and Ash are occasionally cultivated, 



but are not common. I do not think I have seen any 

 of the Pine tribe in cultivation, except a few recently 

 introduced to the Botanic Garden at Hobart Town. 



expose a fresh surface frequency to its 

 action, and thus keep up its aeration. But it mist be 

 ton* m mind tliat the oxygenation of the water thus 

 effected w a very delicate tquil nam, and the mainte 

 nance of a healthy aeration is 1 le to be disturbed by 

 very slight mtert ing causes; ,. ! I conceive that 

 tins method would lie applicable except to mi h marine 

 denizens as are eil r of such low organisation as to re 

 quire but little aeration of the w. , *» h as the 



crab tribe, ihe blennies, cottias, es, and Urate 



creatures which de light in ry shallow water, or which 

 have the power of climbing out of tl r liqui o , lenient 

 Ihevai iesl have myself kept in perfect health for 

 the period mentioned, are crabs, Uennh >bi< s, 

 anu >f Actinia. Cam-, r Manas has under th 



circumstances east its skin three times irin- i pre- 



sent year, having inc. eased in iis dimensions most 



extraordinar each time. 1 n in An 



Nairn Jlistoru. 



of 



•See 



The great staple in the garden way of the colony is in 

 Apples, Pears, and Plums, and Cherries ; all of which 

 thrive remarkably well, and they have already raised 

 some seedling Apples and Plums, which are well- 

 deserving of cultivation. There is a large trade in 



in, the general economy of the organisation to Apples to Melbourne. The smaller fruits are made 



wnicn it belongs, and on this account becomes as pleasant 

 MP"Ucle to the physiological eye as it is a disagree- 

 able one to the horticultural organ of vision." 



vnlnn? S , ° Ur opinion of Dr - M!tnn ' 8 vei 7 agreeable 

 * " ^'.. We 1,ave ! '° reluctance in pointing out little 



pe «. we ,, en SU cn as assigning to different' trees of the 



SkTdp.fi P T* rty , 0{ beariu g catkins and ac oms, or 

 «• ceath of annual plants to the mere action of cold. 



FLORICULTURE. 



v 



^c1S SA \Fh°. RI€ULT F RAL Society, -4«^.9.-Mr. W. Paul in 

 «» chi f^tui 18 I ? eetl,1 S Hollyhocks formed, as was expected. 

 •^hibitirn- Tf 11 2 attraction; but there were also beautiful 



FnchZi e !? en . as ' c *mations, and Picotees, Dahlias, . " ' T"' /"TT "j 7 To"', " — 



racnsias, and other objects of interest. Of Hollyhocks he. Harvey in Hookers Journal of Botany. 

 wit' i?*° E * ? oster » Es q-» of Clewer Manor, near " ' ' " ' ' 



iuto jams or con-umed at home ; and often suffered to 

 rot on the trees, from their abundance. Gooseberries, 

 Currants, Raspberries, and Strawberries grow equally 

 well. But Peaches and Nectarines are only fit for 

 tarts, and often fall off before they are ripe. Grapes 

 just ripen and no more, and are of small size. I have 



been here the hottest months of summer without ex- * « •* — — . ~«w ~ W1 * 



periencing greater heat than we often have in England. ' astronomy, dynamics, hydraulics, pneumatics, and inert 

 There is less rain, and a greater number of clear days ; matfrr - Kant defines an organised product as " that 

 but on the whole 1 scarcely think the summers hotter ,n w ^ icn »M the parts are mutually means and ends, 

 than those of England. People here complain (as in ** *i 1 ' rhapg, more; for each part is not onlj a means 

 all the Australian colonies) of the rapid efaaogea of 



The Unity of rr.— Each several science U linked 

 and bonded to every other. The Pci cea ) sseaa no 

 distinct or well-defined front i<rs. Ei is e ten- 

 iae ih even other; nor ran we any powibility 

 study ,ilc vely a sin-lc branch Without calling i the 

 aid of several o era Astronomy yields us ample illus- 

 ral n of this. ■ * * Whoctmld siipixme that the 

 ft 1 Greek geometers, while speculating on tlie 

 plane sections of a cone, would have proved the source 



of the restoration of astronomical scten* ! Or who 

 could imagine that Archimedes and A ppobmius, poring 

 over th^ir tabids scored with straight and curved lines, 

 should ha\ d the foundation of i mariner's security 



while wandering over the wild and trackless ocean 

 wastes? * * * Of chemistry, zooloj .botany, geology, and 

 mineralogy, what can be said at all comnV nsurate with 

 their great importance, singly and collectively! They 

 are at once intimately united with each other, and to 

 other branches of science. Chemistry has made 

 wondrous pro-ress since the days of the alchemists. 

 They had secrets among them, too ; but these hare long 

 since been disco red. The details of chem ry are so 

 various, its points of union with other branches of 

 science so diversified, as, within any mo rate mpass, 

 to defy .rurnera in. Its aj lications in illustration of 

 he processes going on in the organs of plants and 

 nimal are, perhaps, amon: the m fc interesting and 

 instructive. Our planet, indeed, is one I ast laboratory, 

 w re the wildest dreams of alcS ny are more than 

 realised. There the diamond is crvstahsed by meanB 

 beyond our ken. G 'id, ( . is \ repared, it may be, 

 transmu: ! — for by some this doer rin coasidered 



uuienable — by nature's gnomes, in a vast chemical 

 arena, where the distillation of fluids and gases, the re- 

 duction and fresh incorporation of metals, and smelting 

 of ores, is continually going on. * * * Physiology bears to 

 the acts and raovemei , lants, and* more especially 



animals, a relation similar to that which subsists between 



temperature ; but with less reason for complaining than 



in any other country I know of. "~ 



seems as nearly periect as a sublunary climate can well 



Aqua 



very interesting experiment 



lohi» . J7. ' „ ,ruu, F et| e iy re, j una Koafce, T -. , , 



w > ana tliree beedliners. In a collection from Mr. * l™ ye had progressing very successfully for some 



examples of Sir D. time 



^•torbum 0Ugh> *' e rf marked very fine 



9**** fs a l |?r 0Ved > Mr8 ' l>arsons ( a Seedling), Little Gem, 

 ^ttfccate \1* « c ? l ™ red Seedling to which a First Class 

 tD *ie Unim?r a ? - )r Uzzy > Pour Pre de Tyre, Brennu 

 ^*^?\^^^ Chesinuit and Argn, a 



^ 



BS 



—~* erow»rh n A i —a Certificate of Merit was awarded. 



**&7 v »■ d , a } three fine s P ikes of Criterion, Unique, 



' a Holivhoci; nr r cham , had a ' "titicate for Purple Perfec- 



<^ r J dm ot J500d form, size, and substance, but deficient 



ag creamv i , r V Parsons » of Wehv y„, showed Bride, a 



AproSL5 usb flower > bu t °ot »^ood condition. Mr. 



** collecHm? 8ome , cut hh«ma of Hollyhocks. 01 Verbenas 



iS C ^ me 0m Mr - L,,chnei ' ! who sent Lord Rag- 



M ar- 



other 



*fca«* VariMi'o C ~~"i a V u ' ireier JL'ick, jua l^eesse, ana two other 

 *d Siv, U *l Weatherill, gr. to D. McNeill, Esq., who 



*.- ^nidiv V C ° mt . esse de Balville. Brilliant deVaise, Old 



^ fe I>efianci o" gen ! e ' M ary, Cedo Nulli, Mrs. Woodniffe, 

 *•• twSLyi° n lf' Caliban, and Novelty. A third collec- 

 * Crania i ed J )y r , Mr - Smith, of Hornsev, who had among 



- ^in? Wait? Ra Slau, Hebe, Wonderful, and one or two 



S- Tl, nterforRhf S o AFi «t Class Certificate was awarded to 

 ^atftn^i %, olue Bonnet. annarortfiTr* n B ofTii bedding ••»•-*• 



m^**** with rSK** 180 fur oished Premier, a pretty r y crim- 

 ■**©: H^ * white eye, and Belle of the Village, a sort in the 



SLyWfim.hl 88011, 0f forces Mr. Tinner sent Dr. Pit- 

 m 6c **e waq .» V 7/ ed ed S* d variety, to which a First Class 

 S* ^teT tn i - e ? ; Rnd Mrs - Loclmer, also a heavy red 

 S *f , S« Sd ^r^ lch a Certificate was given. This was a 

 I ^fc k , f " P^mis.ng fl 0W er. A Certificate was awarded to 



ofnetS \i" a ' a light ^^ edged kind of good form 

 •^i - «rh*ZJA r Turn er received a certificate for Alma, 

 b^2? ^int jfr il J ei * nium » which looked as if it would make 

 *LlT Wi 7 - f CulV t/- Smith - of Hornsey, had a Fuchsia 

 SS r which T°m ier r ' Mr - Sftlter ' of Hammersmith, a 

 ^^ *" fc - aeedlin- if C « rtific&t e; ™* Mea \. E. G. Hen- 



erp .H g }***&*, to two of which Fil Class 



! *^Tv. h , 



S%£ 



•onto 



* .!•?■? wlSL t Warded - Messrs. Paul & Son had" some 



mad to have been consideral 

 re have lately had. Of Dahli 



S*3M?* 



past, is the preserving sea-water in a per- 

 fectly transparent and healthy state without the use 

 of vegetation of any kind, or in some cases, even 

 of a scavengering mollusk. The adoption of these 

 experiments was in a great degree forced upon me from 

 circumstances which have heen already published. In 

 the paper read before the Meeting of the British Asso- 

 ciation at Hull, I stated that in consequence of the 

 ravenous propensities of the crabs and the varieties of 

 rock-fish, I had been obliged to establish several small 

 imitation rock-pools, so as to separate these various 

 depredators from each other ; and as some of these, the 

 blennies, also attacked the common periwinkle and other 

 mollusks which were employed as scavengers, the plant 

 or vegetation consequently became of little use, and was 

 therefore omitted altogether from the arrangement. It 

 may be asked then, how can the sea-water under such 

 circumstances be possibly kept in a healthy state ? 

 Why, thus : by exposing a very extended surface of it 

 to the action of the air, and at the same time limiting 

 its depth. The means that I have been adopting for 

 upwards of 12 months consist in the employment of 

 shallow circular stone- ware pans of about 18 inches 

 internal diameter by 5 inches deep ; these are filled for 

 about 2 inches with water, the bottom is supplied with 

 sand and shingle, and numerous fragments of rock-work 

 are arranged at the si«les, some close below the surface 

 of the water, others rising in gentle slopes above, and 

 others again grouped to form cavities of retreat, so a 

 to accord with the habits of the crabs, blennies, &c., 

 aa, placed in them. The whole is covered with a ah*et of 



and an end, it is also requisite to our just conception of 



r .. m the whole. Each portion must not only subserve some 



To me the climate ' U8€ > Dut depend for the exercise of its functions on the 



" whole. To keeping this principle in view we are in 

 debted for many of our greatest discoveries. To it 

 physiology mainly owes its developement. * * * Thus, 

 wherever we ^o, whether onjthe broad earth, or the 

 heaving expanses of ocean ; wh her we pierce the 

 briny depths, or soar amid the careering orbs in the 

 starry vault above, there, everywhere, do we find the 

 sciences sister goddesses, not one science, but all science ; 

 not physical science only, but that moral science, 

 highest, most indispensable of all, walking in firm union, 

 making a one out of many, constituting a unity of sur- 

 passing splendour — the Unity of Science ! Extracted 

 from a Paper by Mr, WilliamlM'Cormac, read before 

 tlie Literary and Scientific &oa Belfast 



Calendar of Operation*. 



(For the entuing icech) 



PLANT DEPARTMENT. 



Conservatory, &c— In cases where the gaiety of 

 this house depends largely upon specimens brought from 

 the stove, it will probably be necessary, should the pre- 

 sent wet cloudy weather continue, to use a little fire 

 heat, to prevent the flowers of tender things being in- 

 jured by damp ; but use this only if it cannot be safelv 



of air, for high close temperature would be likely|to 

 injure hard-wooded greenhouse plants ; and in the case 

 of the stove plants, it is not cold that is to be dreaded, 

 but damp. Look well to the Luculias, which are cer- 

 tainly our finest autumn flowering plants, and k*ep them 

 clear of their great enemy, black thrips ; also see that 

 they are well suppl \ with water at the ro< giving 

 weak manure water occasionally to encourage strong 

 growth ; but manure water should not be given to young 



